Henry Pasternak, D.V.M., C.V.A.
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 I use a stabilized glutathione supplement that is combined with anthocyanins. anthocyanins are naturally occurring members of the bioflavonoid family; they form the dark red to purple and blue-black pigments found within certain plants such as bilberry. Research has shown that certain antioxidants, such as plant anthocyanins, help maintain adequate intracellular levels of glutathione by recycling oxidized glutathione.50 It was further shown in animal studies that oral stabilized glutathione administration resulted in a doubling of plasma glutathione levels. |
Michael Friedman, ND
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 Quercitin, milk thistle 1 decreases sugar alcohols
5) anthocyanins t increases capillary strength
6) Green tea .T increases capillary strength
7) Lipoic acid 4 decreases glycosylation
8) Vaccinun myrtilus t eye support
9) Ozone therapy t increases antioxidants t increases O, to tissues
3. Diabetic Nephropathy Case Studies
Case 1:
10 years Type II
9 years oral hypoglycemics 1 year insulin hypertension 190/100, chronic renal failure 60% failure
Jambul Combo, One pill t.i.d., 600 meg of chromium t.i.d., goldenrod tincture 1 tspn t.i.d. |
The Editors of FC&A
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| They contain beta carotene, vitamins C and E, folate, anthocyanins, Curry dishes can be phenols, and calcium - all helpful dynamite against colon
Cabbage. This inexpensive, ultra jngredient in turmeric. of the colon, brain, breast, stomach, bladder, and lung.
Tomatoes. Fresh tomato slices may perk up a sandwich, but ounce for ounce, there's more cancer-fighting lycopene in the tomato sauce on your pasta or pizza.
Black beans. These dark legumes are high in resistant starch, the indigestible kind that helps fend off colon cancer. |
| In lab studies, anthocyanins have proven to be about ten times more effective than aspirin at relieving joint pain and swelling. That's a huge plus, because even small amounts of aspirin can worsen gout.
With this fruit in hand, you may not even need to take pain pills. Instead, you can let cherries ease the ache of this arthritis. Experts recommend munching cherries every day during a gout attack. Pop a few dried ones in your mouth, or eat a bowl full of fresh ones instead. About three dried cherries pack the same punch as 20 fresh ones.
These sweet fruits aren't the only gout-busting foods. |
Josef A. Brinckmann and Michael P. Lindenmaier
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 Phytomedicines: One European preparation, containing anthocyanins extracted from bilberry fruit (Difrarel® Dragees: 100 mg anthocyanins and 5 mg beta carotene per dragee), is indicated for retinopathy, for improvement of night- and scotopic vision, as well as for progressive myopathy. One prescription drug, a standardized complex of anthocyanosides extracted from bilberry fruit (Myrtaven®: 58 mg anthocyanosides per capsule), is indicated for diabetic retinopathy, microangiopathy with diabetes or hypertonia, hemeralo-pia, phlebopathy during pregnancy, among other conditions. |
Amarjit S. Basra
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 The active substances unique to red wine are various polyphenols, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, and stilbenes.43
The wide range of biological effects exhibited by wine polyphenols are thought to be due to their powerful antioxidant properties in the body together with their ability to interact with redox-sensitive cell-signaling pathways.44 The extent of the potency of polyphenols in vivo is dependent upon their absorption, metabolism and secretion.45 Their antioxidant potential in the body may, however, be of importance only at sites where adverse oxidation occurs. |
James A. Duke, Ph.D.
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 Bilberry contains compounds known as anthocyanins that have a cholesterol-lowering effect. This herb is also a vasodilator that opens blood vessels and lowers blood pressure. anthocyanins help prevent formation of the blood clots that trigger heart attack.
Until pharmaceutical firms start studying anthocyanins, we won't know how effectively these compounds help to prevent coronary problems. But one
Hawthorn
The flowers, leaves and fruits of this plant are all used for medicinal purposes. thing is clear. Bilberries are not the only fruit that contains them. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| They also decrease tumor growth; reduce elevated blood cholesterol, and prevent oxidation of LDL (bad) cholesterol and blood cell clumping; enhance the activity of vitamin C; strengthen collagen (the main protein in skin and other tissues, including blood vessel walls); improve peripheral circulation; and help safeguard eyesight, especially in individuals with diabetic retinopathy
Some sorghum varieties have been found to contain as high or even higher levels of anthocyanins than blueberries, a highly touted source of these protective plant compounds. |
Mike Adams
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 If you want to create depression in someone, all you have to do is feed them refined, processed foods like we have in the Western diet, and make sure they don't get adequate nutrition in the form of vitamins and minerals, essential fatty acids, or plant-based medicines such as the natural anthocyanins found in blueberries. It's very easy to invoke depression in people by denying them good nutrition. Their hormone regulation systems will fall out of sync and they'll have problems with serotonin regulation. They may experience fatigue, trouble waking up, trouble going to sleep, and so on. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| The anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid found in sorghum but not in most other grains, are powerful antioxidants that research shows exhibit potent free-radical scavenging activity, especially in lung tissue. |
Henry Pasternak, D.V.M., C.V.A.
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| I use a stabilized glutathione supplement that is combined with anthocyanins. anthocyanins are naturally occurring members of the bioflavonoid family; they form the dark red to purple and blue-black pigments found within certain plants such as bilberry. Research has shown that certain antioxidants, such as plant anthocyanins, help maintain adequate intracellular levels of glutathione by recycling oxidized glutathione.50 It was further shown in animal studies that oral stabilized glutathione administration resulted in a doubling of plasma glutathione levels. |
Ben-Erik van Wyk
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 The sour taste is due mainly to citric acid. anthocyanins are known to have antioxidant and venotonic effects so that their presence in high concentrations no doubt adds to the nutritional value.
Murray a koenigii curry leaf
Curry leaf flowers Curry leaf leaves
Description a small, aromatic, evergreen tree, 3-6 m in height. The compound leaves comprise about ten pairs of small, pointed, toothed and gland-dotted leaflets. Small white flowers are borne in clusters, followed by round berries that turn red when they ripen. Curry leaf is related to the East Asian mock orange (M. |
Andrew Pengelly
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 A superoxide anion scavenging effect has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo for bilberry anthocyanins (Martin-Aragon et al. 1999), while numerous anthocyanin-containing berries were shown to possess superoxide radicals scavenging and antilipoperoxidant activities (Constantino et al. 1994).
Anthocyanins have long been associated with collagen-stabilising activity, protecting the body's connective tissue from degradation during inflammatory illnesses (Mills and Bone 2000).
References
Adzet, T. and Camarasa, J. 1988, 'Pharmacokinetics of polyphenolic compounds', in L. E. Cracker and J. E. |
Ben-Erik van Wyk
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| Notes The red pigment in grapefruit is not anthocyanins (as in blood oranges) but lycopene, the red carotenoid and antioxidant found in tomatoes.
Citrus reticulata mandarin • tangerine • naartjie
Mandarin fruiting branches
Minneola (minneola tangelo) fruits
Description This is a small tree with dark green leaves, white fragrant flowers and small, broad fruit. All mandarins are easily recognised by the loose segments and fruit wall that is easily peeled away by hand. The numerous types include the common mandarin or tangerine (C. reticulata), the satsuma mandarin or unshiu mikan (C. |
| Nutritional value The fruits are rich in vitamin C and anthocyanins but accurate details are not available.
Myristica fragrans nutmeg tree
Nutmeg leaves and fruit Nutmeg and mace
Description An evergreen tree (up to 20 m) with Indonesia, New Guinea and Granada, simple, leathery leaves and small white flowers. |
Erich Grotewold
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 Chapter 4).
2.2. Allelic diversity and tissue-specific expression patterns
The most obvious pigmentation phenotypes of PI can be observed in the pericarp (outer layer of the ovary wall) and cob glume (palea and lemma, bracts that subtend the kernel) tissues of mature maize ears. The maize PI gene was cloned from an Ac (Activator) tagged allele called Pl-vv (variegated pericarp, variegated cob); thereafter, several Ac insertion alleles of PI have been identified (Peterson, 1990; Athma et al. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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 As we know, free radicals are the culprits that damage cell membranes and DNA and ultimately cause many of the degenerative diseases that plague us as we age. anthocyanins are key players in neutralizing free-radical damage to cells and tissues that can lead to a multitude of ailments. The anthocyanins also work synergistically with vitamin C and other key antioxidants. They strengthen the capillary system by promoting the production of quality collagen—the building block of tissues. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| Levels of Phenols and Fiber in Sorghum and Other Foods (Dry Matter Basis)
Phenols Tannins anthocyanins Antioxidant Activity Food (milligrams per gram) (milligrams per gram) (abs/g/mL) (ORAC Value)
Dietary Fiber (%)
Red wheat
3
—
—
31
48
White sorghum
4
—
—
27
41
Brown sorghum
107
175
31
401
45
Black sorghum
22
10
520
1 14
43
Blueberries
26
20
50
—
Berries
1-22
—
—
63-282
duced by friendly bacteria in the colon can release these beneficial compounds from cereal brans. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
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 These flavonoids include anthocyanins that are powerful antioxidants (page 467) and protect cells against damage according to test tube studies.2 According to laboratory research, an extract from the leaves, combined with St. John's wort (page 747) and soapwort, inhibits the influenza (page 269) virus and herpes simplex (page 119) virus.3 The effect on influenza of a syrup made from the berries of the black elderberry has been studied in a small double-blind trial. |
Ben-Erik van Wyk
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| Leaves are rich in tannins and anthocyanins and are traditional urinary tract antiseptics and diuretics.
Valerianella locusta corn salad • lamb's lettuce
Corn salad plants Corn salad field
Description A small annual plant with a rosette of rounded leaves. Stalks with inconspicuous flowers are produced in early spring and they give rise to numerous small seeds. The plant is also known as field salad, hog salad and marsh salad or as Feldsalad and Rapunzel (German), mache, doucette, oreille-de-lievre, raiponce and val'erianelle potagere (French). A second species, V. |
| The health properties are mainly ascribed to the high levels of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids that act as antioxidants and venotonics (to strengthen arteries and veins).
Artemisia absinthium wormwood • absinthe
Wormwood Mugwort
Description Wormwood is an aromatic perennial herb of up to 1 m in height, with silky, silvery, pinnately divided leaves and small yellowish flower heads borne in large numbers on the branch ends. Closely related species such as African wormwood (A. afra) and the two European species known as southernwood [A. abrotanum) and mugwort (A. |
Andrew Pengelly
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| Rich sources of anthocyanins are grape skins and bilberries (Vaccinium myrtdlus)—along with other members of the Vaccinium genus including blueberries. Bilberry has long been associated with effects on microcirculation and is used in diabetic neuropathy and ophthalmology. Despite the presence of oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs) and flavonoids, experimental and clinical studies have found most of the potency of bilberry lies in the anthocyanin fraction. A superoxide anion scavenging effect has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo for bilberry anthocyanins (Martin-Aragon et al. |
Ben-Erik van Wyk
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| Four groups of cultivars are recognised: common oranges such as 'Valencia'; navel oranges such as 'Washington', which have a characteristic "navel" (a rudimentary second fruit visible on the flower side of the fruit); blood oranges such as 'Sanguinello', 'Moro' and 'Tarocco' (red flesh pigmented with anthocyanins); sugar oranges such as 'Succari' (commonly grown in Egypt), which are acidless but with a bland flavour. Origin & history Southern China (cultivated for thousands of years). It spread to the Mediterranean region around 1450, and from there to all warm parts of the world. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
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 These include anthocyanins and flavonols.
Molecular Size
This scheme differentiates among monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and polmeric flavonoid structures.
Conjugates
Flavonoids normally exist in conjugate or combined forms, also known as glycosylflavonoids. These conjugates are commonly glycosides, in which a bond (-C-O-C-) is formed between a hydroxyl of the flavonoid and a sugar. The bond may be established with any of the hydroxyl groups on the aglycone, but the groups involved are generally the hydroxyls in the 7-position of the flavones and in the 3-position of the flavonols. |
| They often occur as pigments associated with anthocyanins in petals and leaves of higher plants. They are found most frequently in the form of glycosides, but they may also be present as
Flavonoid Classification Systems
Degree of Saturation
Two major categories encompass flavonoids in which the central heterocyclic ring is either saturated or unsaturated. If saturated, as in fla-vanols, the molecule will be planar, and thus non-optically active. Flavonoids with unsaturated rings, such as flavones, are defined by stereoisomerism. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
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 Phytochemicals include anthocyanins, beta-carotene, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, myristic acid, P-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, glucosinolates, indoles, isothiocyanates, and sulforaphane.
The familiar red globe variety should be bright red and small- to medium-sized—larger radishes tend to be pithy. Black radishes should have a smooth, glossy appearance and feel heavy for their size. The carrot-shaped daikon radish should be well formed and free of any rootlets. All radishes should be free of cracks or blemishes. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
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| Betadinin
Variations in the structure of anthocyanins generate the wonderful diversity of hue and tone in the colors of flowers and fruits. A number of factors are believed to contribute to this kaleidoscopic abundance of color:
• Differences in electron charge
• Number of methoxyl and hydroxyl groups
• Number and type of sugars attached to the aglycone
• Presence of metal ions
• Presence of other pigments
Acertaining the specific effects of anthocyanin structure on plant color is not straightforward. |
| Harborne JB, Williams CA. anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Natural Product Reports 2001 Jun; 18(3):310-33.
56. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary:
A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London; Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Middleton E. The flavonoids as potential therapeutic agents. In: Kimball SE, ed. Immunopharmaceuticals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995.
64. Hertog MG. Epidemiological evidence on potential health properties of flavonoids. |
| Certain isoflavonoids, such as genistein and daidzein, are phytoestrogens, while others are insecticidal or piscicidal. The anthocyanins have a clearly defined function in flowers and fruits in attracting pollinators and as seed dispersal agents. Many of these phenolic molecules are also effective antioxidants and free radical scavengers, especially the flavonoids. As discussed later, they are also the basis of most flower colors.
Major Functions of Polyphenols
Polyphenols have in common an aromatic benzene ring bearing one or more hydroxyl groups.
OH
Fig. 7.1. |
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