| For example, colorless flavone and flavonol co-pigments protect plant tissues and compounds such as anthocyanins against damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In some cases, the molecule absorbs near-UV radiation, and this color is perceived only by insects.
Names of many categories of flavonoids have their roots in Greek or Latin color terms; the word flavone itself comes from flavus, the Latin word for "yellow." Anthocyanin comes from the Greek anthos (flower) and kyanos (blue). |
Donald R. Yance, j r.,C.N., M.H., A.H.G., with Arlene Valentine
See book keywords and concepts |  Anthocyanins, anthochlors. anthocyanins are red-blue pigments in plants (such as plums and cherries). Anthochlors are yellow and are found primarily in flowers (such as calendula) in abundance.
2. Minor flavonoids. Minor flavonoids include flavonons, flavon-3-ols, dihydroflavones, and dihydrochalcones. Some flavon-3-ols include catechin and epigallocatechin 3-gallate, which is found in green tea, and proantho-cyanidin oligomers (PCOs). Pycnogenols include a group of PCOs.
3. Flavones and flavonols. |
C. P. Khare
See book keywords and concepts |  Anthocyanins have been isolated from flowers.
Seeds contain chiefly 2-fra«5-6-frans-farnesyl-acetate, 2-czs-6-frans-farnesyl-acetate and ambret-tolide.
A novel homologue of ambrettolide, oxacy-clononadec-io-en-2-one, has also been identified.
An aromatic absolute from seeds is known as Ambrette seed oil. Seeds are used as a substitute for musk.
Pet.-ether and chloroform extracts of seeds caused dose dependent (50-100 mcg/ml) inhibition of ACh and histamine-induced responses. Methanol extract showed this effect in 200 to 400 mcg/ml. | | Flowers also gave the anthocyanins pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, octa-cosanol, chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyrano-side and beta-sitosterol. Hecogenin, mesoinositol and the flavone glycosides quercetin-3-rhamno-side, naringenin-7-glucoside, and kaempferol, are also reported from flowers.
Bark contains the C-glucoside, bergenin. Stems contain octacosanol, beta-sitosterol, nor-bergenin (C-glucoside of gallic acid), bergenin and gallic acid.
Benzoic acid and cinnamic acids are also reported from the plant (CIMAP). | | The corollas also contain an essential oil with an unpleasant odour, anthocyanins, betaine and salts of malic and succinic acids. Catalase, oxidase, invertase, maltase, amylase and emulsin are among enzymes identified.
Mahua flowers exhibit cooling, tonic and demulcent properties when used in coughs, colds and bronchitis.
Flowers show antibacterial property against E. coli. The methanolic extract of flowers, stem and stem bark have been reported to possess antibacterial activity against B. anthracis, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, Sal. paratyphi, Vib. cholerae, Xanth. campestris and Xanth. |
Alan Keith Tillotson, Ph.D., A.H.G., D.Ay.
See book keywords and concepts |  The class of related fiavonoid pigments responsible for the red, blue, and violet colors you see in many plants is known by several names, including an-thocyans, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. One subgroup, known as oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPSs), represents a type of condensed tannin. These pigments are most notably found in grape seeds and French maritime pine trees. They include the chemicals cyanidin, procyanidin, malvadin, petunidin, and delphinidin. Whew! You can breathe now.
Gum resins are excreted when a plant is injured. |
C. P. Khare
See book keywords and concepts | | Fruits contain the anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-gentiobioside, malvidin-3-laminaribioside and petunidin-3-gentiobiside. Fruits yielded citric, malic and gallic acids.
Seeds gave beta-sitosterol.
Bark exhibits astringent; bark and seed kernel hypoglycaemic; fruit stomachic, carminative, diruretic; bark and leaf antidiarrhoeal properties.
Fruit juice of Eugenia jambolana, administered orally on rabbit (fasting), produced 20-50 % rise in blood sugar in 2 hours, then there was steep fall of blood sugar to the level below the fasting blood sugar.
The seed, in a dose of 10 mg/kg p.o. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
See book keywords and concepts |  The pigment released from the blueberry's skin may be the most valuable nutrient in the berry, as it contains potent antioxidants called anthocyanins. The herb bilberry, also called the European blueberry, has the same health benefits as blueberries and is available in health food stores in liquid extract, capsule, and pill form. |
C. P. Khare
See book keywords and concepts | | Caffeoyl and p-coumaroyl derivatives of anthocyanins also occur. All the monoglucosides are 3-glucosides and all diglucosides are 3, 5-diglucosides.
Flavonols are present in comparatively larger amounts in leaves than in berries. Skins of grapes contain quercitin, kaempferol and myricetin in the form of glucosides. Flavones generally appear to be absent in berries.
Catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate are the major flavan-3-ols occurring in seeds of many types of grapes. The extract of grape seed has been classified as a chemoprotective agent and one of the botanical antioxidants. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
See book keywords and concepts | | Important phytochemicals include anthocyanins, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, caryophyllene, chlorogenic acid, eugenol, limonene, myristicin, thymol, pectin, catechins, ellagic acid, tocopherols, and tocotrienols.
Select blueberries with a uniform dark bluish-gray color with a silvery bloom. Blueberries should be plump, firm, uniform in size, dry, and free from stems, caps, and leaves. Avoid moldy, bruised, or green berries. If you cannot find fresh blueberries, buy frozen ones—they are just as nutritious. |
Walter Last
See book keywords and concepts |  PACs, anthocyanins, and betacyanins also help to restore normal oxidative metabolism or cell respiration.
They are important not only for normalizing cancer cells, but also for conditions of chronic fatigue and general lack of energy, as they assume the role of oxygen as electron acceptors. Purple foods ingested in sufficient amounts can improve the elasticity of skin and blood vessels. | | The major antioxidants include the vitamins A, C, and E, the minerals selenium and zinc as components of antioxidant enzyme systems, the plant pigments beta-carotene, bioflavonoids, and anthocyanins, as well as phenols and catechols in grape seed extract, green tea, and generally in colored fruit and vegetables. Other powerful antioxidants are alpha-lipoic acid and negative hydrogen as in Microhydrin or electrolytic reduced water (ERW) produced with water ionizers. Whether you take antioxidants as supplements or as part of a high-quality diet, make sure you get plenty. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins by high-resolution gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. / Chromatogr 279, 365-372,1983.
3. Andersen OM: anthocyanins in fruits of Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bog whortleberry). / Food Sci 52, 665-666, 680,1987.
4. Kuhnau J: The flavonoids, a class of semi-essential food components: Their role in human nutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet 24,117-191,1976.
5. Gabor M: Pharmacologic effects of flavonoids on blood vessels. Angiologica 9, 355-374,1972.
6. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
See book keywords and concepts | | Important phytochemicals include beta-carotene, anthocyanins, ellagic acid, phytosterols, and perillyl alcohol.
Choose cherries that have been kept cool and moist. The flavor and texture of cherries suffer at warm temperatures. Select cherries that have a very deep maroon, mahogany, red, or black color. The surfaces should be bright, glossy, and plump-looking. Stems should look fresh and green. Avoid fruit that is shriveled or has dried stems. Pass on any cherries that have soft leaking flesh, brown discolorations, obvious signs of mold growth, or a dull appearance. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
See book keywords and concepts |  In addition to the brain-boosting anthocyanins, blueberries provide another antioxidant known as ellagic acid. Research suggests this antioxidant blocks the metabolic pathways that can promote cancer. Various studies have demonstrated that people who consume fruits with the most ellagic acid were three times less likely to develop cancer than those who consumed little or no dietary ellagic acid. Ellagic acid is found in black and red raspberries, boysenber-ries, Marionberries, and blackberries. | | Commercially produced berry-grape-pomegranate juice can be very rich in anthocyanins. Commercial pomegranate juices, for example, show antioxidant activity three times higher than red wine and green tea. This is because the processing extracts some of the tannins in the rind. To find the best juices, look for those with sediment at the bottom of the bottle. This indicates bits of skin, which are the prime sources of the beneficial berry-grape-pomegranate antioxidants. Shake before serving.
THE FRENCH PARADOX
You've probably heard of the French Paradox. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
See book keywords and concepts | | Important phytochemicals include beta-carotene, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, pectin, catechins, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, tocopherols, and tocotrienols.
When you purchase blackberries, open the container of berries immediately and remove any that are overripe— they will hasten the decaying process of the other berries. Blackberries should be used within two days after purchasing. Do not wash them until you are ready to eat them. They can be frozen and kept for up to twelve months.
Blueberries
Blueberries are at the top of the list of antioxidant-rich foods. |
John Boik
See book keywords and concepts |  Other flavonoids, in particular anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, also promote collagen synthesis and stability. anthocyanins from Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) protect cartilage (a collagen-rich substance) by stimulating collagen cross-linking, inhibiting free radical damage and inflammation, inhibiting enzymatic degradation, and stimulating collagen synthesis (reviewed by Murray, 1992:224-5; Monboisse etal., 1983).
Binding with Laminin
Laminin is a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix that may regulate invasion. |
Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson
See book keywords and concepts |  Some studies have suggested that an unknown high-molecular-weight constituent may also be important. anthocyanins, acids (e.g. citric, malic and quinic acids) and carbohydrates (including oligosaccharides) are also present.
Pharmacological effects and clinical efficacy
In in vitro studies, cranberry cocktail (containing cranberry juice, fructose and vitamin C) and proantho-cyanidins have been shown to markedly inhibit adhesion of E. coli to uroepithelial cells. Bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces is thought to be an important step in the development of UTIs. |
Ruth Winter, M.S.
See book keywords and concepts |  A number of modern studies have shown that bilberry anthocyanins (the blue-coloring chemicals) given orally improve vision in healthy people and also help treat people with eye diseases. The anthocyanins contained in bilberry act to prevent blood vessel fragility and inhibit blood clot formation. It has been reported that bilberry increases prostaglandin (see) release from arterial tissue, which dilates blood vessels. Bilberry also contains arbutin (see), a diuretic and anti-infective derived from the dried leaves. |
Mark Blumenthal
See book keywords and concepts |  Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of anthocyanins. JAgric
FoodChem 1997;45:304-309. Wichtl M, Bisset NG (eds.). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for
Practice on a Scientific Basis. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publishers;
1994;351-2.
Zaragoza F, Iglesias I, Benedi J. [Comparative study of the anti-aggregation effects of anthocyanosides and other agents]. Arch Farmacol Toxicol 1985;72:397-400.
Zavarise G. Effect of prolonged treatment with anthocyanosides on light sensitivity, [in Italian]. Ann Oftalmol Clin Ocul 1987;94:209-14. |
Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson
See book keywords and concepts | | Constituents
The main constituents are mucilages, sulphated flavonol glycosides such as gossypin-3-sulphate, hypolaetin-glucoside-3'-sulphate and others, and anthocyanins (malvin, the diglucoside of malvidin, and delphinidin).
Pharmacological effects and clinical efficacy
Mallow is a demulcent and pectoral. An infusion is used for colds and coughs, and the mucilage from the leaves is anti-inflammatory with anticomplement activity. Little clinical evidence is available but there is a long tradition of historical use.
Toxicology
No adverse effects are known.
Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara L. | | The flavanols may then be further oxidized to yield the anthocyanins, which contribute to the brilliant blues of flowers and the dark colour of red wine. The flavonoids contribute to many other colours found in nature, particularly the yellow and orange of petals; even the colourless flavonoids absorb light in the UV spectrum (due to their extensive chromophores) and are visible to many insects. It is likely that these compounds have high ecological importance in nature as colour attractants to insects and birds as an aid to plant pollination. |
Laurie Deutsch Mozian, M.S., R.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  There are over 150 different anthocyanins in the plant world. They inhibit cholesterol synthesis by limiting the production of HMG-COA reductase, a precursor to cholesterol. This may make anthocyanins protective against both cancer and heart disease.
Ascorbic (as-COR-bik) acid. Ascorbic acid is the plant form of vitamin C. It is found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits and their juices, broccoli, green pepper, and tomatoes. It is sensitive to heat and can be destroyed by cooking. |
Ruth Winter, M.S.
See book keywords and concepts | | ANTHOCYAN1NS • One of the most important and widely distributed groups of water-soluble natural colors, anthocyanins are responsible for the attractive red, purple, and blue colors of many flowers, fruits, and vegetables. Over 200 individual anthocyanins have been identified, of which 20 have been shown to be naturally present in black grapes, the major source of anthocyanin pigment for food coloration.
ANTHRANILIC ACID • o-Aminobenzoic Acid. Yellowish crystals with a sweet taste used in dyes and perfumes. See Benzoic Acid. |
John Boik
See book keywords and concepts | | Other flavonoids, in particular anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, also promote collagen synthesis and stability. anthocyanins from Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) protect cartilage (a collagen-rich substance) by stimulating collagen cross-linking, inhibiting free radical damage and inflammation, inhibiting enzymatic degradation, and stimulating collagen synthesis (reviewed by Murray, 1992:224-5; Monboisse etal., 1983).
Binding with Laminin
Laminin is a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix that may regulate invasion. |
Ruth Winter, M.S.
See book keywords and concepts | | A number of modern studies have shown that bilberry anthocyanins (the blue-coloring chemicals) given orally improve vision in healthy people and also help treat people with eye diseases. The anthocyanins contained in bilberry act to prevent blood vessel fragility and inhibit blood clot formation. It has been reported that bilberry increases prostaglandin (see) release from arterial tissue, which dilates blood vessels. Bilberry also contains arbutin (see), a diuretic and anti-infective derived from the dried leaves. |
John Boik
See book keywords and concepts | | Flavonoids can be divided into five categories (Har-borne and Baxter, 1991:324):
1) anthocyanins, anthochlors, and aurones. anthocyanins are red-blue pigments in plants (such as found in red to blue fruits). Anthochlors and aruones are yellow pigments found in flowers.
2) Minor flavonoids. Minor flavonoids include flavanones, flavan-3-ols, dihydroflavones, and dihydrochalcones. These are categorized as minor flavonoids due to their limited natural distribution. Two flavan-3-ols that will be discussed below include (+)-catechin and epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG). |
The Life Extension Editorial Staff
See book keywords and concepts |  This group includes anthocyanins, flavins, flavonols, flavones, flavonones, quercetin, carotenoids, lutein, and resveratrol.)
Enhances the potency of vitamin C; strengthens capillaries
In general, these antioxidants tend to work together, with vitamin C often providing the replenishment of hydrogen to oxidized quercetin, rutin, etc.
Kandaswami 1993
+
Vitamin C
Maintains healthy collagen; antioxidant
Vitamin K3 +
Methotrexate
Blood coagulation; immune system upregulator; found in green leafy vegetables An anticancer and anti-arthtitic drug. Note: Methottexate depletes folic acid. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 1Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins by high-resolution gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1983; 279: 365-372
3. Andersen OM. anthocyanins in fruits of Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bog whortleberry). J Food Sci 1987; 52: 665-666, 680
4. Kuhnau J. The flavonoids. A class of semi-essential food components. Their role in human nutrition. Wld Rev Nutr Diet 1976; 24: 117-191
5. Gabor M. Pharmacologic effects of flavonoids on blood vessels. Angiologica 1972; 9: 355-374
6. Havsteen B. |
page 4 of 7 | Next ->
FAIR USE NOTICE: The research quoted here is provided under the protection of Fair Use provisions and published by the 501(c)3 non-profit Consumer Wellness Center for the purposes of public comment and education. Authors / publishers may submit books for consideration of inclusion here.
TERMS OF USE: Read full terms of use. Citations of text from NaturalPedia must include: 1) Full credit to the original author and book title. 2) Secondary credit to the Natural News Naturalpedia as a research resource and a link to www.NaturalNews.com/np/index.html
This unique compilation of research is copyright (c) 2008 by the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center.
ABOUT THE CREATOR OF NATURALPEDIA: Mike Adams, the creator of this NaturalNews Naturalpedia, is the editor of NaturalNews.com, the internet's top natural health news site, creator of the Honest Food Guide (www.HonestFoodGuide.org), a free downloadable consumer food guide based on natural health principles, author of Grocery Warning, The 7 Laws of Nutrition, Natural Health Solutions, and many other books available at www.TruthPublishing.com, creator of the earth-friendly EcoLEDs company (www.EcoLEDs.com) that manufactures energy-efficient LED lighting products, founder of Arial Software (www.ArialSoftware.com), a permission e-mail technology company, creator of the CounterThink Cartoon series (www.NaturalNews.com/index-cartoons.html) and author of over 1,500 articles, interviews, special reports and reference guides available at www.NaturalNews.com. Adams' personal philosophy and health statistics are available at www.HealthRanger.org.
|
 |
Refine your search
with Anthocyanins...
...and Foods and Beverages:...and Fruit
...and Cherries
...and Blueberries
...and Berries
...and Fruits
...and Cabbage
...and Strawberries
...and Juice
...and Grapes
...and Vegetables
...and Nutrients:...and Vitamin
...and Flavonoids
...and Antioxidants
...and Antioxidant
...and Vitamin C
...and Glutathione
...and Beta-carotene
...and Potassium
...and Calcium
...and Magnesium
...and Substances:...and Extract
...and Acid
...and Acids
...and Water
...and Light
...and Food
...and Lead
...and Oxygen
...and Liquid
...and Plastic
...and Concepts:...and Activity
...and Study
...and Studies
...and Damage
...and Color
...and Group
...and Trials
...and Research
...and Trial
...and Content
...and Adjectives:...and Red
...and Improved
...and Purple
...and Natural
...and Healthy
...and Fresh
...and Chronic
...and Black
...and Active
...and Frozen
...and Physiology:...and Effects
...and Levels
...and Reduced
...and Protective
...and Effect
...and Induced
...and Reduction
...and Improve
...and Prevent
...and Increase
...and Key Health Concepts:...and Phytochemicals
...and Disease
...and Side effects
...and Drugs
...and Foods
...and Symptoms
...and Disorders
...and Health
...and Treatment
...and Nutrients
...and Anatomy:...and Blood
...and Cells
...and Skin
...and Body
...and Heart
...and Tissue
...and Blood vessels
...and Cardiovascular
...and Blood vessel
...and Brain
...and Health Conditions and Diseases:...and Cancer
...and Pain
...and Inflammation
...and Arthritis
...and Cardiovascular disease
...and Heart disease
...and Gout
...and Cancer cells
...and Cancers
...and Breast cancer
...and Objects:...and Plant
...and Produce
...and University
...and Market
...and Compound
...and List
...and Walls
...and People
...and Vitamins
...and Refrigerator
...and Medical Adjectives:...and In vitro
...and Oral
...and Placebo-controlled
...and Vascular
...and Diabetic
...and Varicose
...and Peripheral
...and Adverse
...and Gastric
...and Acute
...and Medical Terms:...and Properties
...and Placebo
...and Doses
...and Double-blind
...and Platelet
...and Dose
...and Syndrome
...and Inhibitors
...and Results
...and Potency
...and Who:...and Patients
...and Animals
...and Human
...and Women
...and Family
...and French
...and Diabetics
...and Greek
...and Men
...and Sufferers
...and Actions:...and Eat
...and Avoid
...and Eating
...and Taking
...and Turns
...and Growth
...and Working
...and Protects
...and Making
...and Drink
...and Macronutrients:...and Fiber
...and Protein
...and Enzymes
...and Seeds
...and Calories
...and Minerals
...and Fats
...and Fatty acids
...and Oils
...and Salt
...and Plants and Herbs:...and Leaves
...and Flowers
...and Garlic
...and Leaf
...and Stems
...and Olive
...and Bark
...and Cinnamon
...and Saponins
...and Ginger
...and Biological Functions:...and Vision
...and Concentration
...and Memory
...and Menstruation
...and Metabolism
...and Digestion
...and Strength
...and Attention
...and Period
...and Fertility
...and Properties:...and Anti-inflammatory
...and Oxidation
...and Analgesic
...and Antiseptic
...and Expectorant
...and Antimicrobial
...and Aphrodisiac
...and Animals:...and Rats
...and Mice
...and Insects
...and Cats
...and Worms
...and Horse
...and Cows
...and Insect
...and Turkey
...and Cattle
...and Chemicals:...and Free radicals
...and Pesticides
...and Carcinogens
...and Aluminum
...and Poisons
...and Fragrance
...and Benzene
...and Pesticide
...and Ingredients:...and Sodium
...and Fructose
|
Related Concepts:
Extract
Acid
Fruit
Effects
Vitamin
Flavonoids
Red
Activity
Cherries
Blueberries
Patients
Cancer
Antioxidants
Berries
Blood
Improved
Pain
Fruits
Inflammation
Antioxidant
Cells
Plant
Skin
Study
Levels
Cabbage
Vitamin C
Glutathione
Fiber
Body
Studies
Phytochemicals
Ellagic acid
Reduced
Strawberries
Anti-inflammatory
In vitro
Purple
Protective
Disease
Juice
Damage
Side effects
Color
Drugs
Foods
Raspberries
Grapes
Beta-carotene
Natural
Group
Symptoms
Vioxx
Potassium
Calcium
Healthy
Disorders
Health
Trials
Sorghum
Effect
Produce
Vegetables
Magnesium
Treatment
Properties
Vitamin E
Fresh
Placebo-controlled trial
Quercetin
Placebo
Induced
Free radicals
Research
Arthritis
Oral
Doses
Fruits and vegetables
Nutrients
Iron
Eat
Trial
Capillary
Chronic
Pigments
Double-blind
Platelet aggregation
Content
Acids
Black
Reduction
Heart
University
Water
Plants
Source
Platelet
Active
Improve
Rats
|
Email this page to a friend
