Andrew Chevallier
See book keywords and concepts |  Constituents The leaves contain flavonoids, anthocyanins, and artocapin. The fruit contains the vitamins A, B,, B2, and C. History & Folklore White mulberry has been cultivated for over 5,000 years for its leaves (sang ye), the preferred food of the silkworm. The silkworm's feces are used in Chinese medicine to treat vomiting. Medicinal Actions & Uses White mulberry leaves are expectorant, encouraging the loosening and coughing up of mucus, and are prescribed in China as a treatment for coughs. |
the Editors of FC&A Medical Publishing
See book keywords and concepts |  Throw in the powerful antioxidant action of quercetin and other flavonoids including the anthocyanins that give grapes their red color and you've got an even stronger defense against dangerous free radicals that damage your cells and cause cancer.
You'll be glad to know research bears this out. In studies, moderate wine drinking lowered cancer deaths by 22 percent. Just remember, heavy drinking more than a couple of glasses of wine per day greatly increases your risk of cancer.
And again, you don't need to drink wine to get these anti-cancer benefits. |
Ruth Winter
See book keywords and concepts |  They include quercetin, present in onion skins, and anthocyanins, the major commercially used group. See Bioflavonoids. FLAVOR ENHANCERS See Flavor Potentiators.
FLAVOR POTENTIATORS One of the newest and fastest-growing categories of additives, potentiators enhance the total seasoning effect, generally without contributing any taste or odor of their own. They are effective in minute doses in parts per million or even less. A potentiator produces no identifiable effect itself but exaggerates one's response. They alter the response of the sensory nerve endings on the tongue and in the nose. |
Ralph Moss, PhD
See book keywords and concepts |  Scientists attributed its superior power to "anthocyanins" and other antioxidants found particularly in berries. The term "anthocyanin" comes from two Greek words meaning "blue" and "plant"; they are responsible for the intense blue and red pigments of blueberries, raspberries and strawberries. (44) Close behind the berries were garlic and kale. Spinach, Brussels sprouts, plums, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli, beets, oranges, red grapes, red peppers, cherries, kiwis, and pink grapefruits also contained significant amounts of antioxidants. | | It also contains a high proportion of anthocyanins. Although Pycnogenol was the first anthocyanin supplement to appear in the United States, grape seed extract (depending on the brand) is usually more potent, containing between 92 to 95 percent bioflavonoids, compared to 85 percent for Pycnogenol.
Cost
Grape seed extract is considerably less expensive than Pycnogenol. It is available for about 20c per tablet. Look for brands that are manufactured using water and ethanol, without the use of synthetic solvents. |
Patrick Quillin, PhD,RD,CNS
See book keywords and concepts |  Some of the main categories of bioflavonoids include: 0 anthocyanins; deep purple compounds found in black grapes, beets, red onions, and berries {} catechins and epigallocatechin, which are polyphenols found in apples and green tea
() ellagic acid, a true anti-cancer compound found in cranberries, raspberries, and other berries, v" flavones, found in citrus fruit, red grapes and green beans 0 flavanols, such as quercetin, myricetin, found in kale, spinach, onions, apples, and black tea
() flavanones, such as hesperidin and naringen found in citrus fruits of grapefruit, oranges and lemons. |
John Boik
See book keywords and concepts |  In addition, they scavenge free radicals and inhibit increased vascular permeability, two qualities that are also likely shared by anthocyanins. Due to their effect on collagen synthesis, similar cautions apply to both anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins.
Proanthocyanidins are readily absorbed after oral administration, with peak serum concentrations occurring in 45 minutes. The half-life is approximately five hours (Schwitters and Masquelier, 1993:24-7). Maximal uptake occurs in connective tissue, especially the aorta. | | For example, citrus fruits contain high levels of flavones and flavanones; green tea contains high levels of catechins (17 to 30% of dry weight) and gallic acid phenolics; red, blue, and purple fruits such as berries, grapes, and pomegranates contain high levels of anthocyanins; and pine bark and grape seeds contain high levels of OPC. Small molecular weight flavonoids are responsible for the tartness and bitterness of many fruits, whereas large molecular weight flavonoids (tannins), are responsible for their astringency.
Some researchers question the bioavailability of flavonoids. |
Committee on Comparative Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
See book keywords and concepts |  The widely distributed anthocyanins, one of several classes of flavonoid pigments, are responsible for the colors of flower petals, ripening fruits, and autumn leaves. Other closely related groups of constituents are found almost entirely in one family, as the glucosinolates in the genus Brassica (the cabbage family). Still other constituents are uniquely identified with a single species, e.g., cicutoxin in water hemlock or tetrodotoxin in puffer fish. Furthermore, the range of concentrations is as broad as the distribution is diverse. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 1Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | Aspects of anthocyanins pharmacokinetics in the rat. Arzneim Forsch 1976; 26: 832-835
General description 997 Chemical composition 997 History and folk use 998 Pharmacology 998 Clinical applications 998 Dosage 998 Toxicity 999
Valeriana officinalis (valerian)
Michael T. Murray, ND Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr, ND
Valeriana officinalis (family: Valerianaceae) Common names: valerian, all heal
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Valerian is a perennial plant native to North America and Europe. The yellow-brown tuberous rootstock produces a flowering stem 2-4 feet high. | | Andersen OM. anthocyanins in fruits of Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bog whortleberry). J Food Sci 1987; 52: 665-666, 680
4. Kuhnau J. The flavonoids. A class of semi-essential food components. Their role in human nutrition. Wld Rev Nutr Diet 1976; 24: 117-191
5. Gabor M. Pharmacologic effects of flavonoids on blood vessels. Angiologica 1972; 9: 355-374
6. Havsteen B. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32: 1141-1148
7. Monboisse JC, Braquet P, Randoux A, Bore! JP. |
Ruth Winter, M.S.
See book keywords and concepts |  They include quercetin, present in onion skins, and anthocyanins, the major commercially used group.
FLAVOR ENHANCERS One of the newest and fastest growing categories of additives; potentiators, which enhance the total seasoning effect generally without contributing any taste or odor of their own. They are effective in minute doses in parts per million or even less. A potentiator produces no identifiable effect itself but exaggerates one's response. They alter the response of the sensory nerve endings on the tongue and in the nose. |
Ruth Winter
See book keywords and concepts | | Also used as an animal feed. See anthocyanins.
GRAPE SKIN EXTRACT Enocianina. Used in still and carbonated drinks and ades, beverage bases, and alcoholic beverages. Permanently listed since 1966. Does not require certification. No known toxicity.
GRAPEFRUIT OIL The yellow, sometimes reddish liquid is an ingredient in fragrances obtained by expression from the fresh peel of the grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange, and peach flavorings for beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, gelatin desserts, chewing gum (1,500 ppm), and toppings. An experimental tumor-causing agent. |
Ruth Winter, M.S.
See book keywords and concepts | | Over 200 individual anthocyanins have been identified, of which 20 have been shown to be naturally present in black grapes, the major source of anthocyanin pigment for food coloration.
ANTHRANILIC ACID o-Aminobenzoic Acid. Yellowish crystals with a sweet taste used in dyes and perfumes. See Benzoic Acid. ANTHRAQUINONE A coal tar color produced industrially from phthalic anhydride and benzene (see both). Light yellow slender prisms, which are insoluble in water. May cause skin irritation and allergic reactions. |
Ruth Winter
See book keywords and concepts | | CRANBERRY POMACE Source of natural red coloring. See anthocyanins. CREAM OF TARTAR A white crystalline salt in tartars from wine making, prepared especially from argols and also synthetically from tartaric acid (see). Has a pleasant acid taste. Used as a thickening agent and in certain treatment of metals. CREOSOL See 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol.
CREOSOTE Obtain from wood tar, either almost colorless or yellowish. Used locally as an antiseptic, internally as an expectorant. It has a smoky odor and a caustic, burning taste. | | CHERRY PLUM Source of purplish red color. See anthocyanins. CHERVIL A natural flavoring extracted from an aromatic Eurasian plant and used in spice flavorings for beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, and condiments. A chewing-gum base. GRAS.
CHESTNUT Castanea dentata. Nuts from a European tree used as a remedy for piles, backaches, and for coughs. An astringent, the bark and leaves were used to make a tonic, which was also reportedly useful in the treatment of upper respiratory ailments such as coughs, particularly whopping cough. | | The twenty anthocyanins in grapes are the major source of anthocyanin pigment for food color. No known toxicity. ANTHRACITE COAL, SULFONATED A resin for miscellaneous uses, according to the FDA.
ANTHRANIL1C ACID o-Aminobenzoic Acid. Yellowish crystals with a sweet taste used in flavorings, dyes, and perfumes. See Benzoic Acid. ANTHRANILIC ACID, CINNAMYL ESTER Reddish yellow powder with the odor of balsam used in baked goods, beverages, and candy as a flavoring agent. May be a cancer-causing agent.
ANTHRANILIC ACID, METHYL ESTER A flavoring agent used in various foods. |
Josef A. Brinckmann and Michael P. Lindenmaier
See book keywords and concepts |  A precursor) [24].
Indications: Primarily as a flavor corrective component in herbal tea mixtures. Popularly used to increase resistance, for prevention and treatment of
Excerpt from the German Commission E monograph
(BAn% no. |
Donald R. Yance, j r.,C.N., M.H., A.H.G., with Arlene Valentine
See book keywords and concepts |  The strength of its course can be lessened by antiangiogenetic nutrients, such as flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins (found in foods with purple or blue pigments such as cherries, grapes, and plums). These nutrients, as well as most soy products, offer protection by strengthening vascular walls.
The Mechanisms of Metastasis
Cancer cells look different than normal cells or the benign tumor cells of the tissue in which they are found. Usually, the more abnormal the cell appears to be, the more malignant the cancer. |
Robert S. McCaleb, Evelyn Leigh, and Krista Morien
See book keywords and concepts |  These antioxidant pigments, called an-thocyanosides or anthocyanins, are similar to those found in red grape skins. Anthocyano-sides protect cells in the circulatory system, keeping them more flexible to provide better blood flow and oxygen to capillary-rich organs such as the retina of the eye. Researchers have also found that bilberry affects enzymes responsible for energy production in the eye, which is especially important to good vision under poor light conditions, including night vision. | | Major Constituents
Anthocyanosides (also called anthocyanins) and other polyphenols, cinnamic and benzoic acid derivatives, and flavonol glycosides
Safety
Bilberry fruit is a safe food herb with no known toxicity. No adverse effects have been reported in clinical studies. The typical dose of extract equates to around three bowls of bilberries a day, which would not be expected to cause any toxic effects.
Bilberry leaf has been used as a non-caffeinated tea substitute, has been well studied chemically, and is considered nontoxic.
Side effects: None known. |
Gale Maleskey
See book keywords and concepts |  Abel says, anthocyanins benefit the eyes by converting to rhodopsin.
You probably won't be able to find bilberries or bilberry jam in your local supermarket. You should be able to locate bilberry capsules at your local health food store or drugstore, though. Take 100 to 500 milligrams of bilberry twice a day. "Try it right before you go out at night," says Dr. Abel, "You should notice an effect within 00 minutes or so." You may take this for a month or two and see how It works for you. | | Phytonutrients
Individual names: Isoflavone, lycopene, carotenes, anthocyanins, lutein, and zeaxanthin, among others.
May help: Cancer, heart disease, stroke, restless legs syndrome, and macular degeneration.
Special instructions: Take with food.
Good food sources: Strawberries, blueberries, Concord grape juice, red wine, tea, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes, red onions, red cabbage, broccoli, carrots, kale, pumpkin, herbs, spices, garlic, and tomatoes.
Cautions and possible side effects: Don't take more than the recommended dosage. |
James A. Duke, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Until pharmaceutical firms start studying anthocyanins, we won't know how effectively these compounds help to prevent coronary problems. But one
Hawthorn
The flowers, leaves and fruits of this plant are all used for medicinal purposes. thing is clear. Bilberries are not the only fruit that contains them. Other good sources include blackberries, black chokeberries, boysenberries, black currants, blueberries, cherries, cranberries, red grapes and red raspberries. I suspect that all of these fruits might help prevent and treat angina.
Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (A. |
Bill Gottlieb
See book keywords and concepts |  Dark-colored berries such as cherries, blackberries and blueberries contain anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, pigments that tone and strengthen the walls of the veins, Calbom explains. She adds that pineapples are rich in the enzyme bromelain, which helps prevent blood clots, an uncommon but serious complication of varicose veins.
"Juicing provides these nutrients in much higher concentrations than you can get by just eating the fruits," says Calbom. |
Simon Mills and Kerry Bone
See book keywords and concepts |  SIDE EFFECTS
A surveillance study was conducted on over 2000 patients with venous disorders and retinal microcirculation disorders who consumed on average the equivalent of 115 mg anthocyanins per day for 1-2 months. About 4% of patients reported mild side effects affecting the gastrointestinal, cutaneous or nervous systems.66
OVERDOSE
No effects known.
CURRENT REGULATORY STATUS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Bilberry was added to the French Pharmacopoeia in 1992 and is on the UK General Sale List. | | Bilberry extract (57-115 mg anthocyanins per day for 2-3 months) provided relief for venous disorders including haemorrhoids during pregnancy.45-46 A review of uncontrolled trials from 1979 to 1985 on a total of 568 patients with venous insufficiency of the lower limbs concluded that bilberry extract caused rapid disappearance of symptoms and improvements in venous microcirculation and lymph drainage.47 Mobilization of finger joints was improved in patients with Raynaud's syndrome. | | KEY CONSTITUENTS
anthocyanins (0.5%), also known as anthocyanosides, including C-3 glucosides of delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin and petunidin,6 some of which are blue pigments responsible for the colour of the ripe fruits.
Catechin, epicatechin, condensed tannins,7 oligomeric procyanidins (procyanidin B1-B4).8
Flavonoids, phenolic acids, pectins. | | By enhancing arteriolar rhythmic diameter changes, bilberry may play a role in the redistribution of microvascular blood flow and interstitial fluid formation.15
Effects on vision
Anthocyanins have demonstrated an affinity for the pigmented epithelium of the retina in vitro.16 Bilberry hastens the regeneration of rhodopsin (visual purple) in vitro and in vivo after injection.17 Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive pigment found in the rods of the retina.
It must be quickly regenerated in order to maintain visual sensitivity. | | Plasma concentrations of anthocyanins reached peak levels after 15 minutes and then rapidly declined within 2 hours. Elimination occurred mainly through the bile.42
CLINICAL TRIALS
Peripheral vascular disorders and venous disorders
Uncontrolled trials dating back to 1964 demonstrated the efficacy of bilberry in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders. |
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