Mark Blumenthal
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 Iberian (Spanish) and Moroccan subspecies by its resistance against salt (Saur et al, 1993) and in the profile of its phytochemical constituents (Bahrman et al, 1994).
The fresh bark is powdered and extracted with ethanol and water in patented equipment allowing an automated continuous process (Rohdewald, 2002). After purification of the raw extract, the aqueous solution of the extracted constituents is spray-dried. The resulting fine brownish powder is stable if stored in a dry, dark environment. |
Patrick Holford
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 The pectin found in apples, carrots, and other fruit and vegetables is an important phytochemical, which strengthens the immune and detoxification systems of the body Consider a three-day apple-only fast or eat only organic apples one day a week.
Supplements: Lecithin granules, hydroxycitric acid, high-dose vitamin C, and niacin.
Dermatitis
Factors to consider: Dermatitis literally means skin inflammation and is similar to eczema. The term is used when the primary cause appears to be a contact allergy. |
Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson
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 Quality control
Microscopy is less useful in quality control here, so phytochemical methods are predominant.
In the case of the crude drug, TLC is only feasible for the flavonoids. The terpene lactones are only present in a small concentration and they are accompanied by substances which interfere with the analysis. The special extracts can be analysed using the following TLC methods:
• Flavonoids: ethyl acetate/formic acid/glacial acetic acid/water (100:11:11:26), detection with diphenylboryloxyethylamine.
• Biflavones: chloroform/acetone/formic acid (75:16.5:8.5 |
| Senna, aescin from horse chestnut, quilliaia saponins from soapbark) using validated, standard phytochemical techniques (chromatography, partitioning between solvents of differing polarity, precipitation, etc.).
• Unstandardized tinctures are hydroalcoholic (or alcoholic) extracts of crude drug material used as a liquid botanical drug.
• An extract prepared from dried drug material using defined solvent systems is processed into a variety of pharmaceutical products (e.g. tablets for crude extracts). |
Mark Blumenthal
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| The approved modern therapeutic applications for valerian appear to be supported by its history of use in well established systems of traditional and conventional medicine, many supporting in vitro and in vivo pharmacological experiments in animals, extensive phytochemical investigations, and human clinical studies—all of which tend to show CNS depressant activities.
Valerian
Valeriana officinalis L. (syn. V. exaltata J.C. Mikan) [Fam. |
| Electrospray high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in phytochemical analysis of kava extract. Planta Med 1997;63:70-4. Health Canada. Health Canada issues a stop-sale order for all products containing kava. 2002 Aug 21 [cited 2002 Nov 11]. Available from: URL: http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/english/protection/warnings/2002/2002_56e.htm. Health Canada. Drug Product Database (DPD) Product Information. Ottawa, Ontario:
Health Canada Therapeutic Products Programme; 2001. Health Canada. Drugs Directorate Guidelines: Traditional Herbal Medicines. |
| Senatore A, Cataldo A, Iaccarino FP, Elberti MG. phytochemical and biological study of Uncaria tomentosa. Bulletin de la Societe Italie Speriment 1989;65:517-520. Sheng Y, Pero R, Amiri A et al. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human tumor cells treated with extracts of Uncaria tomentosa. Anticancer Res
1998;18:3363-3368.
Sheng Y, Li L, Holmgren C, Pero RW. DNA repair enhancement of aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa in a human volunteer study. Phytomedicine 2001;8(4) 275-282.
Sheng Y, Bryngelsson C, Pero R. |
Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson
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| The value of integrating ethnobotanical with phytochemical and pharmacological studies has been clearly demonstrated. While, for example, the likelihood of developing new therapeutic agents for use in biomedicine is relatively low (although it is certainly much higher than with many other approaches), such studies confirm the therapeutic value and contribute to our general scientific knowledge about medicinal plants (Heinrich 2003).
Some plants have many side effects or are highly toxic. |
Mark Blumenthal
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| Investigation about the release and to the stability of selected plant contents materials under special consideration of modern phytochemical procedures [dissertation], [in German]. Berlin, Germany: Fachbereich Pharmazie der Freien Universitat Berlin; 1992.
Pasechnik I. Study of choleretic properties specific to flavonoids from Menthaepiperita leaves, [in Russian]. Farmakol Toksikol 1966;29(6):735-7.
Pasechnik I, Gella E. Choleretic preparation from peppermint, [in Russian]. Farm Zh (Kiev). 1966; 21(5):49-53.
Ph.Eur. 3. See: Europdisches Arzneibuch.
Ph.Eur. See: European Pharmacopoeia. |
Laurie Deutsch Mozian, M.S., R.D.
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 Most beans also possess isoflavones, a phytochemical that blocks the entry of estrogen into the cell, which might slow the progress of hormone-dependent cancers like breast cancer and cancer of the cervix, depending upon a woman's estrogen status. The use of isoflavones in the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers is controversial, since isoflavones have a slight estrogenic ability. There is concern that they may fuel such cancers. There are ongoing studies being conducted to evaluate their effects. |
the Editors of FC&A Medical Publishing
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 Both spices contain curcumin, a phytochemical renown for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory powers. It may even work as well as ibuprofen and other NSAIDs, according to recent research.
To try curcumin's healing powers, add fresh ginger to your next stir-fry or brew some ginger tea. And getting turmeric is as easy as ordering curry at your local Indian restaurant.
If you have gallbladder trouble or take NSAIDs or blood thinning medication, like warfarin, talk with your doctor before treating your gout with these spices. |
Margarita Artschwager Kay
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 Phytochemical screening found that alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were absent. Some antibiotic activity was also demonstrated. The seed extract of L. watsoni has hemagglutin activity, inactivated by heat. If this change due to heating is true also of the bark (although no such test has been reported), chewed bark may be more effective than boiled.
Malva (Malvaceae)
MALLOW
Malva parviflora L. tashmahak, Pima; malva, Tarahumara; cheese weed, English
Malva rotundifolia L.
[ = Malva neglecta Wallr.] malva, Tepehuan, Mountain Pima, Spanish
Malva spp. |
| The bark contains lupu-lone. phytochemical screening has shown that the aerial parts contain flavonoids and tannins. An extract of P. confine fruit had 1 + activity against Staphylococcus aureus and 3 + against Candida albicans (Encarnacion and Keer 1991); P. duke branches had 3 + activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
¦ PlatltagO (Plantaginaceae)
PLANTAIN
Plantago fastigiata Morris moomsh, Pima; Indian wheat, English
Plantago insularis Eastw. hataj-en, Seri; woolly plantain, English
Plantago major L. |
Laurie Deutsch Mozian, M.S., R.D.
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| James Duke's phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database, parsnip roots contain ascorbic acid, fiber, kaempferol, and limonene. The leaf of the plant also contains quercetin.
Peaches
What could be more welcome than the first peach of summer? Fresh peaches are fair sources of beta-carotene and good sources of ascorbic acid and fiber. A cup of sliced peaches provides one-tenth of the daily requirement of vitamin A and fiber. Yellow peaches are probably richer sources of beta-carotene than the white variety.
Peanuts. See Nuts and Seeds. |
| Allicin, which is related to the phytochemical diallyl sulfide, is detected in fresh garlic, dehydrated garlic powder, and some garlic supplements. Table 3.1 indicates the quantity of allicin found in a variety of sources.
Alpha-linolenic (AL-fuh lin-o-LEN-ick) acid. Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid found in soy, flaxseed, and rapeseed oil, as well as in some leafy green vegetables. The human body converts alpha-linolenic acid into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and, more slowly, into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the valuable essential oils found in
Table 3.1. |
| Bias from the established scientific research community is another reason phytochemical research has faltered. For many years, traditional researchers avoided any type of science that was related to nutrition. "Serious scientists have stayed away from the field because it gets tied up with all the supplementation people and the anti-aging crowd," said Dr. Barry Halliwell of the University of California at Davis. Dr. H. Leon Bradlow, who has been studying the link between breast cancer and hormones since 1957, expressed a similar sentiment. "Like Rodney Dangerfield, I got no respect. |
| After analyzing the components of tomatoes, they concluded that lycopene, a phytochemical that is a member of the carotene family, which has potent antioxidant capabilities, might offer an answer to the question "How can we prevent prostate cancer?"
The body of knowledge continues to expand. In Vidalia, Georgia, home of Vidalia onions, it was noticed that stomach-cancer rates are half the national average. Then, this information was connected to data from an ecological study done through a cooperative effort of scientists from Cornell University Medical School and the Chinese government. |
Grace Ross Lewis
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 Currently there is a great deal of research on the phytochemical components of foods such as beta carotene and other cartenoids that are responsible for good health.
92. Is it true that a poison such as sulfur dioxide is used on grapes?
You are confusing the colorless gas sulfur dioxide with the chemical that is used on foods as a bleaching agent or preservative. It is mildly toxic to humans when inhaled as a gas, but after being used on grapes to prevent darkening, it dissipates and is harmless to the consumer. |
Margarita Artschwager Kay
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| Funds to assist in the research were given by the University of Arizona's Mexican American Studies and Research Center, Columbus Quincentennial Program, Southwest Center, and College of Nursing, which granted me two sabbatical leaves for this study. phytochemical information came from napralert, a database of natural products maintained by the Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences within the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy in the College of Pharmacy of the University of Illinois at Chicago. |
| Little phytochemical study has been conducted on species in the Aristolochia genus despite frequent use in various parts of the world. A series of alkaloidal acids (e.g., aristolochic acid I) has been reported from a variety of species. The root of A. brevipes was found to be highly active against Bacillus subtilis (Encarnacion and Keer 1991). No other studies of the Aristolochia species of the American and Mexican West were located. Norman Farnsworth (i993a:36D) has stated that "no herbal medicine in the genus Aristolochia should ever be used by humans over an extended period of time. |
Henry Pasternak, D.V.M., C.V.A.
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 The main immunomodulating phytochemical is plumbagin and its analog.16
Together plumbagin and its analog (hydroplumbagin) provide a variety of pharmacological properties, including antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal activities.
A primary mechanism of action of the digestive juices produced by the Venus flytrap is the inhibition of protein-kinases. Tumor cells require protein-kinases (enzymes) to synthesize proteins. By blocking protein-kinases, the cancer cells are inhibited and die. |
Margarita Artschwager Kay
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| According to napralert, phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of alkaloids. Like other Malvaceae, Sphaerakea has emollient properties, and its root may be used to substitute for Althea officinalis L. (Martinez 1969:433), for example, to treat skin infections and injuries (Lietava 1992:365).
¦ Tagetes (Asteraceae)
MARIGOLD
Tagetes elongata Willd. San Paulillo, Mountain Pima
Tagetes filifolia Lag. anisillo, Warijio
Tagetes lucida Cav. |
Christian Ratsch
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 De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XVIII: phytochemical examination of Spruce's ethnobotanical collection of Anadenanthera peregrina. Botanical Museum Leaflets 25 (10): 273-87.
Stromberg, Verner L. 1954. The isolation of bufotenine from Piptadenia peregrina. Journal of the American Chemical Society7'6:1707'.
Torres, Constantino Manuel. 1988. El arte de los Taino. In Taino: Los descubridores de Colon, ed. C. M. Torres, 9-22. Santiago: Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino.
Turner, William J., and Sidney Merlis. 1959. Effect of some indolealkylamines on man. A.M.A. |
Robert Hass, M.S.
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 MCP is a phytochemical product manufactured by modifying the carbohydrate chain length of commercial citrus pectin, the type used in jellies and jams.
To date, preliminary studies have demonstrated that MCP can inhibit the spread of prostate cancer in laboratory animals. An Italian research team established specifications and standards for clinically effective MCP. The cancer-stopping power of MCP seems to depend on whether it can be absorbed by the digestive tract into the bloodstream. It is within the bloodstream that the binding action on the migrating cancer cells takes place. |
Bill Gottlieb
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 Lycopene is a type of phytochemical, an anti-disease compound in food. It is also found in red grapefruit.
Robert Rountree, M.D., cofounder of the Helios Health Center in Boulder, Colorado, "prescribes" a teaspoon a day of tomato paste for his patients with prostate cancer. "Lycopene has more potent antioxidant properties than beta-carotene, and it has anti-cancer properties," he says. |
Simon Mills and Kerry Bone
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 The uncertainties can be lessened by choosing phytochemical classes of marker compounds (flavonoids, essential oil, oligomeric pro-cyanidins, etc.) rather than just individual chemical constituents. In addition, testing for different marker compounds (or groups of marker compounds) in the one plant can lead to a better assessment of activity. However, none of this should occur at the expense of the chemical totality of the plant's extractable material. |
Margarita Artschwager Kay
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| Phytochemistry. phytochemical research conducted on Tecoma stans (see Winkelman 1986:123, 1989:264) shows that the plant contains coumarin, tecomanine, and tecosta-nine, with hypoglycemic actions; it was found to be one of the best antidiabetic plants in a sample of twenty-one Mexican plants surveyed (Perez et al. 1984). It contains chloro-genic acid, coumaric acid, oleanolic acid, and beta-sitosterol, which affect the liver. It also contains lapachol and phloretic acid, which are bactericidal.
¦ Tumera (Turneraceae)
DAMIANA
Tumera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. |
Laurie Deutsch Mozian, M.S., R.D.
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| Fiber found in plant foods is a phytochemical. Dietary fiber is found in vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, seeds, and grains.
The type of fiber found in whole grains is mostly insoluble, which means that it does not break down in water. It is also indigestible, so it adds bulk to the digestive contents, speeding up the movement of food through the digestive tract. It provides relief from constipation and di-verticulosis and may help to reduce the risk of colon cancer. The role that insoluble fiber plays in disease prevention is well documented. |
Prevention Magazine
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 These fruits are rich in ellagic acid, a phytochemical that has been shown to destroy hydrocarbons, potentially cancer-causing chemicals in cigarette smoke.
Tomatoes. Inside tomatoes is a substance called lycopene, which has powerful antioxidant abilities. In fact, tomatoes appear to provide more cancer protection than other fruits or green vegetables.
Antioxidants are of particular importance to smokers. The body pulls antioxidants out of the blood and into the lungs in a valiant attempt to neutralize free radical damage, says Gary E. Hatch, Ph.D. |
Marion Nestle
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 In addition, "phytochemical" substances in plant foods, although they are not considered essential (because people can live without them), may nevertheless protect the body against cancer and other diseases. A great deal of attention is focused on dietary fat, and Table 40 explains the different types.
Because plants can extract minerals from soil and use solar energy to synthesize vitamins and other essential nutrients, and because animals eat plants and
TABLE 39. |
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