Phytochemistry

Email this page to a friend

Want news about Phytochemistry and more e-mailed to you? Click here for free email alerts

Handbook of Medicinal Plants Amarjit S. Basra See book keywords and concepts

The sources of the genes can be any organism, including bacteria, plants, insects, fungi, or mammals, and this in fact grants recombinant DNA technology a great array of possibilities for crop improvement—as compared to traditional breeding methodologies, in which transfer of genes is normally limited to genetically related organisms.

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts

The discipline of marine natural product chemistry is comparatively new compared with phytochemistry, with relatively small numbers of natural products having been reported. At present there are no anticancer agents from marine sources that are used as drugs, but a number are in clinical trials and their potent activities highlight the future importance of this source. A compound in development worth noting is bryostatin-1. which is a novel macrocyclic lactone derived from the marine bryozoan, Bugula neritina.

The Constituents of Medicinal Plants: An Introduction to the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Herbal Medicine Andrew Pengelly See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy phytochemistry Medicinal Plants, Lavoisier Pubs, Paris. Carey, F. A. 2000, Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston. Cronquist, A. 1988, The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants, 2nd edn, New York Botanical Gardens. Duke, J. A. and Bogenschutz-Godwin, M. J. 1999, 'The synergy principle at work in plants, pathogens, insects, herbivores, and humans', in P. B. Kaufman, L. J. Cseke, S. Warber, J. A. Duke and H. L. Brielmann, Natural Products from Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Evans, W. C.

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts

This led to the development of a field of research now called natural product chemistry or, specifically for plants, phytochemistry. Pure chemical entities were isolated and their structures elucidated. Some were then developed into medicines or chemically modified for medicinal use. Examples of such early pure drugs include: • Morphine (Fig. 2.6) from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae), which was first identified by FW Sertiirner of Germany (Fig. 2.7) in 1804 and chemically characterized in 1817 as an alkaloid.

Constituents The phytochemistry of saw palmetto is fairly well known, although precisely which components are responsible for the pharmacological effects has yet to be established. Constituents likely to be important include: the fatty acids capric, caprylic, lauric, oleic, myristoleic, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids; the monoacyl glycerides 1-monolaurin and 1-monomyristicin; phytos-terols such as (3-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, lupeol and cycloartenol (Fig. 18.3).

The Constituents of Medicinal Plants: An Introduction to the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Herbal Medicine Andrew Pengelly See book keywords and concepts

I am indebted to some of the great scientists and herbalists who have inspired me with their knowledge of the subject, making the job of learning phytochemistry much easier for the non-chemist—teacher, student and practitioner alike. I refer especially to Terry Willard, Jean Bruneton, G. E. Trease and W. C. Evans, Varro Tyler, Kerry Bone, Jim Duke, Peter Waterman and—in the field of essential oils—Arthur Tucker and Joy Bowles (with apologies to the many worthy individuals I have omitted). I highly recommend the publications of these pioneers—many are listed in the references.

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts

Constituents The phytochemistry of nettle is well documented, although it is not clear precisely which constituents are responsible for the documented activities. Lignans present in the root, including pinoresinol. sccoisolaricircsinol, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, neo-olivil, and others may be important in inhibiting the interaction between sex hormone-binding globulin and 5oc-testosterone, a pathway which plays a role in the development of BPH.

Cranberries are frequently used in foods, especially as a jelly as an accompaniment to turkey, and the juice is popularly mixed with vodka. The phytochemistry of cranberry is not well documented. The proanthocyanidin constituents may be important for the antibacterial activity of cranberry. Some studies have suggested that an unknown high-molecular-weight constituent may also be important. Anthocyanins, acids (e.g. citric, malic and quinic acids) and carbohydrates (including oligosaccharides) are also present.

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Dewick PW 2002 Medicinal natural products - a biosynthetic approach, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL et al 1998 Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997. Results of a national follow-up survey. JAMA 280:1569-1575 Evans WC 2002 Trease and Evans's pharmacognosy, 15th edn. WB Saunders, London Goodman J, Walsh V 2001 The story of taxol.

Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices Of Herbal Medicine David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts

AN INTRODUCTION TO phytochemistry lb many people, a "chemical" is something to be avoided, an evil and artificial corruption of nature. However, everything tangible is a chemical. All that is good is chemical, just as all that is bad. All that is natural is chemical, just as all that is artificial.1 The fundamental physical nature of herbal medicine is chemical, as is the fundamental physical nature of the human body. In the chapters that follow, I shall discuss the constituents of plants that are often called the "active ingredients.

The Constituents of Medicinal Plants: An Introduction to the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Herbal Medicine Andrew Pengelly See book keywords and concepts

Bioactivity in plants: the link between phytochemistry and medicine', Fhy to chemistry 30: 3864-3874. Harborne, J. and Baxter, H. 1993, Phytochemical Dictionary, Taylor &c Francis, London. Hormann, H. and Korting, H. 1995, 'Allergic acute dermatitis due to Arnica tincture self-medication', Phytomedicine 4: 315-317. Huang, K. 1993, The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Klaas, C. A., Wagner, G., Laufer, S., Sosa, S., Delia Loggia, R., Bomme, V., Pahl, H. L. and Merfort, I.

Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices Of Herbal Medicine David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Hampshire, UK: Intercept, 1999. Evans WC. Trease ir Evans' Pharmacognosy, 13th edition, London: Baillere Tindall, 1989. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London; Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993. LIPIDS Lipids are a large and diverse class of organic molecules found in living systems. Most are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol. (This definition excludes the mineral oils and other petroleum products obtained from fossil material.

The Constituents of Medicinal Plants: An Introduction to the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Herbal Medicine Andrew Pengelly See book keywords and concepts

The Principles and Practices of phytochemistry, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Perrine, D. M. 1996, The Chemistry of Mind Altering Drugs, American Chemical Society, Washington DC. Samuelsson, G. 1992, Drugs of Natural Origin, Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm. Sharp, D. 1990, Dictionary of Chemistry, Penguin Books, London. Tucker, A. and Debaggio, T. 2000, The Big Book of Herbs, Interweave Press, Colorado. Tyler, V., Brady, J. and Robbers, J. 1988, Pharmacognosy, 9th edn, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Vincent, C. and Furnham, A.

Pharmacognosy phytochemistry Medicinal Plants, Lavoisier Pubs, Paris. Delia Loggia, R., Tubaro, A., Sosa, S., Becker, H., Saar, St. and Isaac, O. 1994, 'The role of triterpenoids in the topical antiinflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis flowers', Planta Medica 60: 516-520. Favel, A., Steinmetz, M. D., Regli, P., Vidal-Ollivier, E., Elias, R. and Balansard, G. 1994, Tn vitro antifungal activity of triterpenoid saponins', Planta Medica 60: 50-53. Fulder, S. 1980, The Root of Being, Hutchinson, London. (Also published as The Tao of Medicine.) Harborne, J. and Baxter, H.

Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis Josef A. Brinckmann and Michael P. Lindenmaier See book keywords and concepts

Ganguly, phytochemistry 17, 1983-1985 (1978). [8] K. Koch, Pharmazie 3, 29^12 (1984). Frohnt Rubi idaei folium DAC Raspberry leaf it I 1 cm Fig. 1: Raspberry leaf Description: The cut drug consists of leaf fragments with a sparsely pubescent, dark green to brownish green upper surface and a dense, silver-gray tomentum on the lower surface; the fragments also show a pinnate venation (Fig. 4) and clump together due to the dense tomentum.

Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices Of Herbal Medicine David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Hampshire, UK: Intercept, 1999. 48. Robles M, Aregullin M, West J, et al. Recent studies on the zoopharmacognosy, pharmacology and neurotoxicol-ogy of sesquiterpene lactones. Planta Medica 1995 Jun; 61(3):199-203. 49. Hausen BM. Sesquiterpene lactones. In: DeSmet, ed. Adverse Effects on Herbal Drugs, vol 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992. 50. Ibid. 51. Lovell CR. Plants and the Skin. Oxford, Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993. 52. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants.

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Hampshire, UK: Intercept, 1999. Evans WC. Trease & Evans' Pharmacognosy, 13th edition. London: Baillere Tindall, 1989. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London; Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993. POLYPHENOLS About 8,000 naturally occurring plant phenolics have been identified, and about half of these are flavonoids. There are many structurally simple phenols, such as phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, and phenolic quinones.

The Rhodiola Revolution: Transform Your Health with the Herbal Breakthrough of the 21st Century Richard P. Brown, M.D., and Patricia L. Gerbarg, M.D. See book keywords and concepts

The phytochemistry of Rhodiola rosea Identifying the active compounds in adaptogens such as Rhodiola rosea has been challenging, to say the least. For one thing, there are so many active compounds. For another, as scientists attempt to sort out which of the known chemicals are responsible for the various healing actions, they keep discovering new ones. Here's what we know so far. The root of the Rhodiola rosea plant contains these six groups of bioactive compounds.

Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis Josef A. Brinckmann and Michael P. Lindenmaier See book keywords and concepts

Nakano et al, phytochemistry 32, 371- 373 (1993). [5] S. Ueda and H. Takuda, Planta Med. 56, 669-670 (1990). [6] E.R. Almeida et al, J. Ethnopharmacol. 29, 239-241 (1990). [7] K. Muller, A. Sellmer, and W. Wiegrebe, J. Nat. Prod. 62, 1134-1136 (1999). [8] B. Kreher, Dissertation Universitat Miinchen 1989. [9] D.V.C. Awang et al, J. Herbs, Spices, Med. Plants 2, 27-43 (1994). Hiller Taraxaci radix cum herba Dandelion root and herb OAB, DAC Fig. 1: Dandelion root and herb Description: The drug consists of the dried, entire dandelion plant, harvested before the flowering period.

Murakoshi et al, phytochemistry 25, 521-524 (1986). [6] T. Tominaga and D. Dubourdieu, Flavour Fragr. J. 12, 373-376 (1996). [7] R. Seeger and H.-G. Neumann, Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 132, 1577-1581 (1992). Sassafras lignum Sassafras root 1 cm Fig. 1: Sassafras root Description: The drug consists of the irregular, thick, brownish to reddish gray root pieces or slices, dug up in fall; they are mostly decorticated and sometimes bear the remnants of the thin, brownish-red bark. The cross section shows the reddish medullary rays and the less prominent annular rings. The fracture is fibrous.

Chowdhury et al, phytochemistry 15, 1803-1804 (1976). [3] D.L. Heikes, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 32, 253- 258 (1994). [4] M. Carlson and R.D. Thompson, J. AOC Int. 80, 1023-1028 (1997). Wichtl Senecionis herba Senecio herb (I it y 1 1 cm Fig. 1: Senecio herb Description: The drug consists of yellow flowerheads (with both ligulate and tubular florets) having 10-20 linear, mucronate, grass or olive green involucral bracts which are often brownish black at the tip (Fig. 3). The individual florets have an about 4 mm long, longitudinally striated, glabrous ovary (achene) and pappus.

Kinjo et al, Phytochemistry' 37, 1685- 1687 (1994). [5] B.H. Miiller, J. Kraus, and G. Franz, Planta Med. 55, 536-539 (1989). diotonic effects on the myocardium (cardiac glycosides); also possible is an interaction with antiarrhythmic agents. Potassium deficiency can be intensified by concomitant ingestion of certain drugs including those that increase urinary excretion (saluretics), cortisone and cortisone-like substances (adrenal corticosteroids), or licorice root Please note that these interactions may also occur during short-term use. 6.

Sarker et al, phytochemistry 45, 1431-1433 (1997). Wichtl Lavandulae flos Lavender flowers Ph. Eur.

Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage, Botany C. P. Khare See book keywords and concepts

A critical study of comparative phytochemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic properties of these two drugs have proved that they are distinct. Braahmi was used specifically in mental diseases like insanity and epilepsy, while Manduukaparni as a general brain tonic. Braahmi promotes fertility (Charaka used it as an impregnating herb) and sustains implantation; while Manduukaparni is abortifa-cient. Both are used for skin diseases but their therapeutic effects are not the same. Parts used Whole plant. Dose Fresh juice 10-20 ml, whole plant powder 3-5 g, root powder 500 mg-1.

The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs Mark Blumenthal See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris: Lavoisier Publishing; 1995. Cott J. Personal Communication to M. Blumenthal. December 17, 2000. Daiber W. Climacteric complaints: success without hormones - a phytotherapeutic agent lessens hot flushes, sweating and insomnia, [in German]. Arztliche Praxis 1983; 35(65): 1946-7. Dixon-Shanies D, Shaikh N. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by herbs and phytoestrogens. Oncol Rep 1999;6:1383-7. Diiker E, Kopanski L, Jarry H, Wuttke W.

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris: Lavoisier Publishing; 1999;595-600. Buchbauer G, Jager W, Jirovetz L, Meyer F, Dietrich H. Effects of valerian root oil, borneol, isoborneol, bornyl acetate and isobornyl acetate on the motility of laboratory animals (mice) after inhalation, [in German]. Pharmazie 1992;47:620-2. Busanny-Caspari Eea. Indications: Functional heart complaints, hypotension and weather sensitivity, [in German]. Therapiewoche 1986;36:2545-50. Capasso A, DeFeo V, DeSimone F, Sorrentino L. Pharmacological effects of aqueous extract from Valeriana.

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris: Lavoisier Publishing; 1999;36l-3. Collier H, Butt N, McDonald-Gibson W, Saeed S. Extract of feverfew inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Lancet 1980;Oct 25;922-3. De Smet P, Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler R. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1993;81. de Weerdt C, Bootsma H, Hendricks H. Herbal medicines in migraine prevention: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of a feverfew preparation. Phytomedicine 1996;3(3):225-30. ESCOP. See: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy.

Quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria guianensis. phytochemistry 1991;30(5):1635-7. Zhang W, Liu GX, Huang XN. Effect of rhynchophylline on contraction of rabbit aorta. Acta Pharmacol Sin 1987;8(5):425-429. Zhu Y, Guoxing HX Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline on isolated guinea pig arteria. Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol 1993;7(2):117-121. Clinical Studies on Cat's Claw (Uncaria guianensis [Aubl.] Gmel.

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris: Lavoisier Publishing; 1995:151. Burger R, Torres A, Warren R, et al. Echinacea-'mduced cytokine production by human macrophages. IntJImmunopharmacol 1997;19(7):371-9. Codex 2000/01. (Monographs): Floraceae Echinacea Kautabletten und Saft; Echinacin Salbe; Echinaforce Tabletten und Tropfen; Echinamed Tabletten; Similasan Echinacea Homoopathische Globuli; Wala Echinacea Anthroposophisches Mundspray; Esberitox N Tabletten. Schonbuhl, Switzerland: Galenical Informations Systems; 2000. Coeugniet E. Kiihnast R.

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, 2nd ed. Paris: Lavoisier Publishing; 1999;520-3. Budzinski J, Foster B, Vandenhoek S, Arnason J. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomed 2000 Jul;7(4):273-82. Burns E, Blarney C, Ersser S, Barnetson L, Lloyd A. The use of aromatherapy in intrapartum midwifery practice an observational study. JAltern Complement Med 2000 Apr;6(2): 141-7. Carl W, Emrich L. Management of oral mucositis during local radiation and systemic chemotherapy: a study of 98 patients.

page 2 of 4 | Next ->

FAIR USE NOTICE: The research quoted here is provided under the protection of Fair Use provisions and published by the 501(c)3 non-profit Consumer Wellness Center for the purposes of public comment and education. Authors / publishers may submit books for consideration of inclusion here.

TERMS OF USE: Read full terms of use. Citations of text from NaturalPedia must include: 1) Full credit to the original author and book title. 2) Secondary credit to the Natural News Naturalpedia as a research resource and a link to www.NaturalNews.com/np/index.html

This unique compilation of research is copyright (c) 2008 by the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center.

ABOUT THE CREATOR OF NATURALPEDIA: Mike Adams, the creator of this NaturalNews Naturalpedia, is the editor of NaturalNews.com, the internet's top natural health news site, creator of the Honest Food Guide (www.HonestFoodGuide.org), a free downloadable consumer food guide based on natural health principles, author of Grocery Warning, The 7 Laws of Nutrition, Natural Health Solutions, and many other books available at www.TruthPublishing.com, creator of the earth-friendly EcoLEDs company (www.EcoLEDs.com) that manufactures energy-efficient LED lighting products, founder of Arial Software (www.ArialSoftware.com), a permission e-mail technology company, creator of the CounterThink Cartoon series (www.NaturalNews.com/index-cartoons.html) and author of over 1,500 articles, interviews, special reports and reference guides available at www.NaturalNews.com. Adams' personal philosophy and health statistics are available at www.HealthRanger.org.