Phytochemistry

Email this page to a friend

Want news about Phytochemistry and more e-mailed to you? Click here for free email alerts

The Science of Flavonoids Erich Grotewold See book keywords and concepts

Plant metabolomics: large-scale phytochemistry in the functional genomics era, Phytochem 62: 817-836. Sumner, L. W., Paiva, N. L., Dixon, R. A. and Geno, P. W., 1996, High performance liquid chromatography/continuous-flow liquid secondary ions mass spectrometry of flavonoid glycosides in leguminous plant extracts, J Mass Spectrom 31: 472-485. Tomas-Barberan, F. A. and Garcia-Viguera, C, 1997, Capillary electrophoresis versus HPLC in plant polyphenol analysis, Analusis 25: M23-M25. Tomas-Barberan, F. A., Gil, M. I., Cremin, P., Waterhouse, A. L., Hess-Pierce, B. and Kader, A. A.

Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief David Winston, RH(AHG), and Steven Maimes See book keywords and concepts

The phytochemistry of secondary metabolites is complex, and we will discuss briefly some of the key active metabolite compounds in adaptogenic herbs. Finding which compounds produce bioactive adaptogenic effects has been challenging and complex because of the multitude of targets and activities for these plants. Phytochemical explanations for the observed actions of adaptogens are not clearly understood, and studies are not conclusive as to which compounds within each herb are responsible for its adaptogenic activity.

PDR for Herbal Medicines, Fourth Edition Thomson Healthcare, Inc. See book keywords and concepts

Wagner H (1972) phytochemistry 11:1504. Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ 132(45):2427-2435. 1992. Woerdenbag HJ, Eupatorium perfoliatum L.- der "durchwachsene" Wasserhanf. In: ZPT 13(4): 134-139. 1992. Borage B or ago officinalis description Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried Borage flowers and the dried or fresh foliage, stems, and leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in separate, terminal, erect, leafy racemes. The calyx is divided almost to the base into 5 rough-haired tips. The corolla is 1.5 to 2.

Kandil EE, Nassar MI, A tannin anti-cancer promoter from Terminalia arjuna. phytochemistry, 53:1567-8, 1998 Apr. Kaur S, Graver IS, Kumar S, Antimutagenic potential of ellagic acid isolated from Terminalia arjuna. Indian J Exp Biol, 53:478-82, 1997 May. Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM, Pettit RK, Tackett LP, Chapuis JC, Antineoplastic agents 338. The cancer cell growth inhibitory constituents of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae). J Ethnopharmacol, 53:57-63, 1996 Aug.

101 Foods That Could Save Your Life! David W. Grotto, RD, LDN See book keywords and concepts

Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. phytochemistry. 2004 May;65(9):1273-1281. McGuire KP, Ngoubilly N, Neavyn M, Lanza-Iacoby S. 3,3'-diindolylmethane and pac-litaxel act synergistically to promote apoptosis in HER2/Neu human breast cancer cells. J Surg Res. 2006 May 15;132(2):208-213. Myzak MC, Hardin K, Wang R, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Sulforaphane inhibits his-tone deacetylase activity in BPH-1, LnCaP and PC-3 prostate epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Apr;27(4):811-819.

PDR for Herbal Medicines, Fourth Edition Thomson Healthcare, Inc. See book keywords and concepts

Brieskorn CH, Beck V, (1971) phytochemistry 10:3205. Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W. de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4.

Phytochemistry 22 (9):2035. Zotikov YM et al., (1978) Rastit Resur 14 (4):579. Angelica archangelica See Angelica Angelica sinensis See Dong Quai Angostura Galipea officinalis description Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark of the tree. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in terminal, peduncled and closed racemes. The fruit is a 5-valved capsule, of which 2 or 3 valves are often sterile. There are 2 round, black seeds in each capsule and usually only one seed is fertile. Leaves, Stem and Root: Galipea officinalis is a small 4- to 5-m high tree, which is 7.5 to 12.

Phytochemistry 23 (2):553-555. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1980. Nykanen I et al., Essent Oil Res 3:229. 1991. Opdyke DLJ, (1975) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 13, Suppl 713. Sethi OP, Shah AK, (1979) Ind J Pharm Sci 42 (6):C11. Shimizu M, Matsuzawa T, Suzuki S, Yoshizaki M, Morita N, Evaluation of Angelicae radix (Touki) by inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. In: Chem Pharm Bull 39:2046. 1991. Sun H, Jakupovic J, PA 41:888. 1986. Taskinen J, (1975) Acta Chem Scan 29 (5):637 et (7) 757.

Bhardwaj DK et al. phytochemistry 16:401. 1977. Bhardwaj DK, Singh R. Curr Sci 46:753. 1977. Bianchi Porro G, Petrillo M, Lazzaroni M et al. Comparison of pirenzepine and carbenoxolone in the treatment of chronic gastric ulcer: a double-blind endoscopic trial. Heputogastroenterology; 32:293-295. 1985. Blachley JD & Knochel JP. Tobacco chewer's hypokalemia: licorice revisited. N Engl J Med; 302(14): 784-785. 1980. Budzinski JW, Foster BC. Vandenhoek S et al. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures.

The Science of Flavonoids Erich Grotewold See book keywords and concepts

Identification of the polar constituents of Potamogeton species by HPLC-UV with post column derivatization, HPLC-MS" and HPLC-NMR, and isolation of a new enr-labdane diglycoside, phytochemistry 65: 2401-2410. Waridel, P., Wolfender, J-L., Ndjoko, K., Hobby, K. R., Major, H. J. and Hostettmann, K., 2001, Evaluation of quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry and ion trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry for differentiation of C-glycosidic flavonoid isomers, J Chromatogr A 926: 29-41. Watanabe, N. and Niki, E.

Vacuolar uptake of the phytoalexin medicarpin by the glutathione conjugate pump, phytochemistry 45: 689-693. Lin, Y., Irani, N. G., and Grotewold, E., 2003, Subcellular trafficking of phytochemicals explored using auto-fluorescent compounds in maize cells, BMC Plant Biol 3: 10. Liu, C-J., and Dixon, R. A., 2001, Elicitor-induced association of isoflavone O-methyltransferase with endomembranes prevents the formation and 7-O-methylation of daidzein during isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthesis, Plant Cell 13: 2643-2658. Liu, G., Sanchez-Fernandez, R., Li, Z.-S., and Rea, P. A.

Women's Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine: Alternative Therapies and Integrative Medicine for Total Health and Wellness Tori Hudson, N.D. See book keywords and concepts

The folklore surrounding rhodiola led to the first investigations in its phytochemistry in the early 1960s, when scientists identified adap-togenic compounds in its roots. These adapto-gens, believed to help the body adapt to stress by supporting the adrenal glands and endocrine system, as well as the antioxidant and stimulating compounds that were later discovered in rhodiola, are responsible for its medicinal properties.

PDR for Herbal Medicines Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts

Imperator F, (1982) phytochemistry 21(8):2158. Jain SR, Sharma SN, (1967) Planta Med(4):439. Twaij HAA et al, (1985) Indian J Pharmacol 17(1):73. Adonis Vernalis Adonis DESCRIPTION Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is derived from the aerial parts of the herb which are collected during the flowering season and dried. Flower and Fruit: The erect, solitary, terminal flower is 4 to 7 cm in diameter and the 5 broad-ovate, downy sepals are half as long as the petals. The 10 to 20 petals are narrow, wedge-shaped, simple or finely serrated at the tip.

Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief David Winston, RH(AHG), and Steven Maimes See book keywords and concepts

Understanding simple phytochemistry can mean the difference between an effective formula and one that has little or no activity. ADAPTOGENS—SIMPLES OR FORMULAS? In modern times, adaptogens (especially in Russia, Europe, and the United States) have been studied mostly as single remedies, and they can certainly be used that way. Many Americans take Asian ginseng extracts by themselves, and many Russians use eleuthero as a simple.

The study of the chemical makeup of plants is called phytochemistry, and the study of naturally derived drugs is known as pharmacognosy. Plants contain both primary and secondary metabolites, which are substances needed for metabolism—the plant's energy production process. The primary metabolites are necessary to sustain the life of the plant and include enzymes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and chlorophyll. The secondary metabolites contain key chemical groups that can have medicinal value to humans.

PDR for Herbal Medicines Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts

Yamada Y et al, (1975) phytochemistry 14:582. Yamanouchi S et al., (1976) Yakugaku Zasshi 96(12):1492. Further information in: Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1980.

Phytochemistry 24: 600 and 1593. Maugh TH, (1979) Science 204:293. Spare CG, Virtanen Al, (1963) Acta Chem Scand 17:641. Tverskoy L, Dmetriev A, Kozlovsky A, Grodzinsky D, Two phytoalexins from Allium-cepa bulbs. In: PH 30:799. 1991. Vollhardt BR, Zwiebelolmazerat (z.B. Alligerol). In: Intern Praxis 32(1):201. 1992. Wagner H, Bayer Th, Dorsch W, Das antiasthmatische Wirkprfnzip der Zwiebel (Allium cepa L.). In: ZPT 9(6): 165. 1988. Whitaker JR (1976) Adv Food Res 22:73. Zwiebeln gegen Durchfall. In: Medical Tribune 14:26. 1993.

Rohr M, Naegeli P, (1979) phytochemistry 18(2):279 and 328. Saxena DB, Phenyl indane from Acorus calamus. In: PH 25(2):553. 1986. Schneider K, Jurenitsch J, Kalmus als Arzneidroge: Nutzen oder Risiko. In: Pharmazie 47(2):79-85. 1992. Stahl E, Keller K, Classification of typical commercial Calamus drugs. In: PM 43(2): 128-140. 1981. Taylor JM et al., Toxicity of oli of calamus (Jammu variety). In: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 10:405 (Abstract). 1967. Further information in: Chan, EH et al. (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co.

Cuong BN et al, (1979) phytochemistry 18: 331. Czygan FC, Das atherische 01 der Schafgarbe. In: DAZ 134(3):228. 1994. Czygan FC, Schafgarbe: Alte Heilpflanze neu untersucht. In: PZ 139(6):439. 1994. Falk AJ et al., (1974) Lloydia 37: 598. Falk AJ et al., (1975) J Pharm Sci 64: 1838. Kastner U et al., Anti-edematous activity of sesquiterepene lactones from different taxa of the Achillea millefolium group. In: PM 59(7):A669. 1993. Kastner U, Glasl S, Jurenitsch J, Achillea millefolium - ein Gallentherapeuticum. In: ZPT 16(l):34-36. 1995.

Phillipson JD et al, (1975) phytochemistry 14: 999. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-Ges Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-1994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.

Plants of the four winds - The magic and medicinal flora of Peru Rainer W. Bussmann and Douglas Sharon See book keywords and concepts

Most studies on the phytochemistry of Peruvian plants concentrate on a few "fashionable" species that have been marketed heavily on a global scale, especially Maca (Lepidium meyenii), Sangre de Drago (Croton lechleri), and Cat's Claw / Una de Gato (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis). The number of other Peruvian plants for which at least limited phytochemical studies exist is still miniscule, and most efforts are fuelled by the fads and fashions of the international herbal supplement market.

Handbook of Medicinal Plants Amarjit S. Basra See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants (Andover, UK: Intercept Ltd, 1995). 14. Mihalov, J.J., Marderosian, A.D., and Pierce, J.C., 2000, DNA identification of commercial ginseng samples, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48: 3744-3752; Schluter, C. and Punja, Z.K., 2002, Genetic diversity among natural and cultivated field populations and seed lots of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in Canada, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163: 427-439; Negi, M.S., Singh, A., and Lakshmikumaran, M.

However, natural products are unattractive to many pharmaceutical companies because of perceived difficulties related to the complexities of phytochemistry and to their continued access and supply. The technical difficulties concerning isolation and structural elucidation of bioactive natural products are being solved with contributions by chemists worldwide. For instance, extracts can be processed before use via bioassays in order to remove many of the reactive compounds that are likely to cause false-positive results.

Hooper, and Harvey, 1982, Ethnobotany and phytochemistry. 22. Miller, F.M. and Chow, L.M., 1954, Alkaloids of Achillea millefolium L„ I. Isolation and characterization of aehilleine. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 76: 1353-1354. 23. Huffman, M.A., 2001, Self-medicative behavior in the African great apes: An evolutionary perspective into the origins of human traditional medicine, Bioscience, 51(8): 651-661. 24. Voss, E.G., Michigan flora II: Dicots (Ann Arbor, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium, 1985). 25.

Ecological phytochemistry is a study in its infancy, involving people from a variety of established diseiplines. Students of botany, plant ecology, allelopathy (plant herbicides), and plant insecticides all tend to operate independently and seem to know little of one another's work. Inderjit's definitive book on plant herbicides, for example—filled with discussion of standard medicinal plants—never once hints that the chemicals discussed have any uses other than as agrochemicals which may facilitate various tillage systems.

A new flavonol glycoside from Catharanthus roseus, phytochemistry, 50: 167-169. 35. Marfori, E.C., Kajiyama, S., Fukusaki, E., and Kobayashi, A., 2002, Tricho-setin, a novel tetramic acid antibiotic produced in dual culture of Trichoderma harzianum and Catharanthus roseus callus, Zeitschriftfur Natwforschung 57(5-6): 465-470. 36. Chattopadhyay, R.R., 1999, A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 67: 367-372. 37. Thikhomiroff, C. and Jolicoeur, M.

Understanding Medicinal Plants: Their Chemistry And Therapeutic Action Bryan Hanson, PhD See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants, Second edition. Paris, France: Lavosier. A technical yet reasonably accessible coverage of secondary metabolites. A good choice for additional information about any category of molecule discussed in this chapter. Goodsell, D. S. (1998). The machinery of life. New York: Copernicus. An excellent, readable overview of how proteins, nucleic acids, and so forth assemble to create a functioning cell, capped off with a discussion of how viruses and poisons affect a cell. Greenwood. David (1992). "The Quinine Connection.

Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices Of Herbal Medicine David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Hampshire, UK: Intercept, 1999. Evans WC. Trease & Evans' Pharmacognosy, 13th edition. London: Baillere Tindall, 1989. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London; Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993. TERPENES The terpenes, also known as isoprenoids, are the largest group of secondary plant metabolites. More than 20,000 structures have been described.1 The name terpene comes from turpentine, which in turn comes from the old French ter(e)binth, meaning "resin.

The Constituents of Medicinal Plants: An Introduction to the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Herbal Medicine Andrew Pengelly See book keywords and concepts

An effective understanding of modern herbal practice fundamentally begins with a sound knowledge of the phytochemistry and related therapeutics of medicinal plants. Given this, Andrew Pengelly's much revised second edition of The Constituents of Medicinal Plants is a welcome arrival. In this text he comprehensively covers the major phytochemical classes found in plants and their implications for human therapy. Key features are the many chemical structures and the wide-ranging discussion of their pharmacological activities.

Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices Of Herbal Medicine David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts

Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Hampshire, UK: Intercept, 1999. Evans WC. Trease & Evans' Pharmacognosy, 13 th edition. London: Baillere Tindall, 1989. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London; Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993. Schultes RE, Hofmann A. The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1980. PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacology is the branch of science that studies therapeutic agents in all of their aspects. Such agents are usually called drugs.

page 1 of 4 | Next ->

FAIR USE NOTICE: The research quoted here is provided under the protection of Fair Use provisions and published by the 501(c)3 non-profit Consumer Wellness Center for the purposes of public comment and education. Authors / publishers may submit books for consideration of inclusion here.

TERMS OF USE: Read full terms of use. Citations of text from NaturalPedia must include: 1) Full credit to the original author and book title. 2) Secondary credit to the Natural News Naturalpedia as a research resource and a link to www.NaturalNews.com/np/index.html

This unique compilation of research is copyright (c) 2008 by the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center.

ABOUT THE CREATOR OF NATURALPEDIA: Mike Adams, the creator of this NaturalNews Naturalpedia, is the editor of NaturalNews.com, the internet's top natural health news site, creator of the Honest Food Guide (www.HonestFoodGuide.org), a free downloadable consumer food guide based on natural health principles, author of Grocery Warning, The 7 Laws of Nutrition, Natural Health Solutions, and many other books available at www.TruthPublishing.com, creator of the earth-friendly EcoLEDs company (www.EcoLEDs.com) that manufactures energy-efficient LED lighting products, founder of Arial Software (www.ArialSoftware.com), a permission e-mail technology company, creator of the CounterThink Cartoon series (www.NaturalNews.com/index-cartoons.html) and author of over 1,500 articles, interviews, special reports and reference guides available at www.NaturalNews.com. Adams' personal philosophy and health statistics are available at www.HealthRanger.org.