Paula Begoun and Bryan Barron See book keywords and concepts | Research into magnesium ascorbyl phosphate's ability to lighten skin via inhibition of melanin is scientifically promising (Sources: phytotherapy research, November 2006, pages 921-934; Skin Research and Technology, May 2002, page 73; and Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, January 1996, pages 29-33). These studies used 3% and 10% concentrations, respectively—and although this Dior product may meet that criterion, the alcohol makes this potentially effective skin-lightening product an irritating proposition. | Although both of these ingredients have research about their benefit for varicose veins (especially when consumed orally), the research does not study the effects of the small amounts contained in cosmetic products like this (Sources: Pharmacological Research, September 2001, pages 183-193; phytotherapy research, March 2002, number SI, pages 1-5; and Archives of Dermatology, 1998, volume 134, pages 1356-1360). Although this product has no discernible effect on veins, it is a lightweight, water-based serum that can be helpful for normal to oily or blemish-prone skin. | Gary Null and Amy McDonald See book keywords and concepts | Koetter U; Schrader E; et al. phytotherapy research. 2007 May 8.
A fixed valerian hops extract combination was found to be more effective than placebo in reducing sleep latency in people with insomnia. A single valerian extract did not achieve the same results, indicating that the addition of hops is important.
Clinical Efficacy of Kava Extract WS 1490 in Sleep Disturbances Associated with Anxiety Disorders. Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Lehrl S. Journal of 'Affective Disorders, 2004 February, 78(2): 101-110. | Geier FP; Konstantinowicz T. phytotherapy research, 2004 April,18(4):297-300.
This placebo-controlled double-blind study was designed to examine the dosage range and efficacy of kava special extract WS 1490 in patients with nonpsychotic anxiety. Results indicated that 150 mg per day was well tolerated with no adverse effects.
Kava-Kava Extract LI 150 is As Effective As Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder—An 8-week Randomized, Double-blind Multi-centre Clinical Trial in 129 Out-patients. Boerner RJ; Sommer H; et al. Phytomedicine, 2003, 10 (Suppl. 4):38-49. | Paula Begoun and Bryan Barron See book keywords and concepts | Tamarind doesn't perform well as an antioxidant (Source: phytotherapy research, March 1999, pages 128-132), but it does wotk well for wound healing and may be a useful addirion ro sunscreen because it seems to protect the skin's immune system from sun damage (Sources: European Journal of Ophthalmology, January-March 2000, pages 71-76; and Cutis, November 2004, pages 24-28). That can be helpful for skin, but no more so than many othet ingredients, from vitamin E to copper, and none of that has anything to do with puffy eyes or dark circles. | Also known as ylang ylang, this oil has research demonsttating its relaxing quality when inhaled, but that's how most essential oils are best enjoyed (Source: phytotherapy research, September 2006, pages 758-763).
© Aroma Purete Instant Purifying Mask ($40 for 1.69 ounces) contains a high amount of ylang ylang oil, which can be irritating to skin (Source: www.naturaldatabase.com). This is otherwise a very standard clay mask that is easily replaced by many others that not only omit problematic ingredients but also cost much less. | Thomson Healthcare, Inc. See book keywords and concepts | Antimicrobial activity of juglone. Phytotherapy Research; 4(1): 11-14. 1990
Craton D and Williams R. Juglone dermatitis: allergy or irritant? Indiana Academy of Science 1980; 90: 98-102.
Frew T, Powis G, Berggren M et al. Novel quinone antiproliferative inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Anti-Cancer Drug Design; 10(4):347-359. 1995
Galey FD, Whitely HE, Goetz TE. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) toxicosis: a model for equine laminitis. J Comp Path; 104(3):313-326. 1991
Girzu M, Carnat A, Privat AM. Sedative effect of walnut leaf extract and juglone, an isolated constituent. | Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S. See book keywords and concepts | A study published in phytotherapy research concluded that persimmon peel extract has potential therapeutic value as an antitumor agent. And persimmons have a number of carotenoids and polyphenols that have been shown to have health benefits. The fruit also contains potassium, magnesium, manganese, and iron.
Pears are among the twelve foods on which pesticide residues have been most frequently found, according to the Environmental Working Group's 2003 report, "Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce." You might want to be sure to wash them in a strong vegetable wash, or buy organic. | Amarjit S. Basra See book keywords and concepts | Kovacs, E„ 2002, The in vitro effect of Viscum album (VA) extract on DNA repair of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in cancer patients, phytotherapy research, 16(2): 143-147.
31. Klopp, R., Schmidt, W., Niemer, W., Werner, M., and Beuth, J., 2001. Changes in immunological characteristics of white blood cells after administration of standardized mistletoe extract, In Vivo, 15(6): 447-457.
32. Kovacs, E. | David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts | Effect of some hypoglycemic glycans on glucose uptake and glucose metabolism by inverted intestinal fragments. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 1989; 3(5):433-35.
148. Suzuki Y, Hikino H. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: effects on the key enzymes of glucose metabolism in the liver of mice. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 1989; 3(1):15—19.
149. Suzuki Y, Hikino H. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: Effects on plasma level, secretion, sensitivity and binding of insulin in mice. | Amarjit S. Basra See book keywords and concepts | Garlic and neem leaf extracts enhance hepatic glutathione and glutathione dependent enzymes during N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in rats, phytotherapy research, 14(4): 291-293; Arivazhagan, S., Nagini, S., Santhiya, S.T., and Ramesh, A., 2001, Protection of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidineinduced in vivo clastogenicity by aqueous garlic extract, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10(3): 238-241.
127. Mostafa, M.G., Mima, T., Ohnishi, ST.. and Mori. K. | Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng, phytotherapy research, 13(8): 641-644.
59. Kang, K.S., Kang, B.C., Lee, B.J., Che, J.H., Li, G.X., Trosko, J.E., and Lee, Y.S., 2000, Preventive effect of epicatechin and ginsenoside Rb(2) on the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by TPA and H(2)0(2). Cancer Letters, 152(1): 97-106.
60. Lee, S.J., Sung, J.H., Lee, S.J., Moon, C.K., and Lee, B.H. | David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts | Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: effects on the key enzymes of glucose metabolism in the liver of mice. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 1989; 3(1):15—19.
149. Suzuki Y, Hikino H. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: Effects on plasma level, secretion, sensitivity and binding of insulin in mice. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 1989; 3:20-4.
150. Waki I, Kyo H, Yasuda M, Kimura M. Effects of a hypoglycemic component of Ginseng radix on insulin biosynthesis in normal and diabetic animals. | Amarjit S. Basra See book keywords and concepts | Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders, phytotherapy research, 17: 1-18.
79. Neuwinger, 1998, Afrikanische Arz.neipflanz.en und Jagdgifte. Chemie, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, pp. 760 ff.
80. Nyazema, N.Z., Medicinal plants of wide use in Zimbabwe, in A.J.M. Leeuwenberg (ed.). Medicinal and poisonous plants of the tropics (Wageningen: Pudoc, 1987), p. 40; Kokwaro, J.O., Some common African herbal remedies for skin disease: With special reference to Kenya, in A.J.M. Leeuwenberg (ed. | Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) as a prophylactic treatment for migraine: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, phytotherapy research. 11: 508-511; Murphy, J.J., 1988, Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention, Lancet, 2: 189-192.
23. De Weerdt, C.J., Bootsma, H.P.R., and Hendriks, H., 1996, Herbal medicines in migraine prevention: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of a feverfew preparation, Phytomedicine, 3: 225-230.
24. | Antimicrobial spectrum of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract, phytotherapy research, 13: 67-69.
93. Ebi, G.C., 2001, Antimicrobial activities of Alchornea cordifolia, Fitoterapia, 72: 69-72.
94. Mustofa, Valentin, A., Benoit-Vical, F., Pelissier, Y., Kone-Bamba, D., and Mallie, M., 2000, Antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts used in west African traditional medicine, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73: 145-151; Banzouzi, J.-T., Prado, R., Menan, H., Valentin, A., Roumestan, C., Mallie, M., Pelissier, Y., and Blache, Y. | Earl L. Mindell, RPh, PhD with Virginia Hopkins, MA See book keywords and concepts | A study in the journal phytotherapy research found that an artichoke leaf extract (ALE) significantly reduced symptoms of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. This German study looked at 279 German patients with at least three of five IBS symptoms. All of them took an extract called
Hepar-SL forte, which contains 320 mg of dry extract of artichoke leaf, with meals. After six weeks, they reported improvements ranging from a 65 to 77 percent decrease in symptoms. Eighty-six of the patients reported that ALE was more effective than previous treatments they'd tried. | Gary Null, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | Lievoux, "Clinical Studies on the Palliative Treatment of Prostatic Adenoma with Extract of Urtica Root," phytotherapy research, 5, 1991, p. 267-269.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of a freeze-dried stinging nettle extract on patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. Results found that the extract was rated more effective by patients as well as by a global assessment than placebo.
—P. Belaiche & O. Lievoux, "Clinical Studies on the Palliative Treatment of Prostatic Adenoma with Extract of Urtica Root," phytotherapy research, 5, 1991, p. 267-269. | Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts | REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Beesley A et al 1996 Gut 39:214-219
Gore SM et al 1992 BMJ 304:287-291
Kirchhoff R et al 1994 Phytomedicine 1:107
Sailer R et al 2001 Drugs 61:2035
Sommerville KW et al 1984 British Journal of Clinical
Pharmacology 18:638-640 Walker et al 2001 phytotherapy research 15:58
14
The cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular disorders are responsible for many deaths in the Western world, and are a consequence of lifestyle and diet as well as being hereditary to some extent. | Andrew Pengelly See book keywords and concepts | Pharmacological effects of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Orobanche bederae', phytotherapy research 6: 83-93.
Pintao, A., Pais, M., Coley, H. and Judson, I. 1995, 'In vitro and in vivo antitumour activity of benzyl isothiocyanate: a natural product from Tropaeolum majus', Planta Medica 61: 233-236.
Recio, M., Giner, R., Manez, S. and Rios, J. 1994, 'Structural considerations on the iridoids as anti-inflammatory agents', Planta Medica 60: 232-234.
Sasaki, H., Nishimura, H., Morota, T., Chin, M., Mitsuhashi, H., Komatsu, Y., Maruyama, H., Guo-rui, T., Wei, H. and Yu-lang, X. | Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts | Sacramento Walker A et al 2002 phytotherapy research 16:48 Zapfe G 2001 Phytomedicine 8(4):62
15
The respiratory system
Minor common disorders of the respiratory system can often be successfully treated with phytotherapy and it can be helpful as a supportive measure in more serious diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema and pneumonia. For infections, antibiotic therapy may be needed and although most antibiotics are natural products, their study is a separate issue and will not be dealt with here. However, for colds and flu-like virus infections, decongestants (e.g. | Harwood Academic, Amsterdam Teixeira M et al 2001 phytotherapy research 15(1):44 Yamasaki KE et al 1998 Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
21(8):829
18
The endocrine system
Phytomedicines are sometimes used in hormonal disorders, although they are not a substitute for hormone replacement, whether for insulin in diabetes, or natural female and male sex hormones. They do not have a place in thyroid deficiency either, which should be treated with thyroxine. | Heinrich M 2002 Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology 54:453-472 Chrubasik S et al 2000 American Journal of Medicine 109:9-14 Klein G et al 2000 Clinical Drug Investigation 19(1): 15 Ramsewak R et al 2000 Phytomedicine 7(4):303 Schmid BR et al 2001 phytotherapy research 15:344-350 Srimal R 1997 Fitoterapia 63(6):483
21
The skin
Inflammatory and infectious skin diseases have a high prevalence in both developing and developed countries. | Heinrich M 2002 Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology 54:453^172 Capasso F et al 1998 phytotherapy research 12:S124-127 Hughes-Formella B et al 2002 Skin Pharmacology and Applied
Skin Physiology 15(2): 125 Moore W et al 1989 Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
10(1):35
Patrick K et al 1996 Phytomedicine 3:11 Ramos A et al 1998 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61 (1 ):49 Schmidgall J et al 2000 Planta Medica 66:48 Singh R et al 2000 Phytomedicine 7(3):209 Winters W (ed) 1993 Proceedings 1991 International Congress Phytotherapy, Seoul. | David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts | Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: Effects on plasma level, secretion, sensitivity and binding of insulin in mice. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 1989; 3:20-4.
150. Waki I, Kyo H, Yasuda M, Kimura M. Effects of a hypoglycemic component of Ginseng radix on insulin biosynthesis in normal and diabetic animals. Journal of Pharmacobio-dynamics 1982; 5:547-54.
151. Ng TB, Yeung HW. Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. General Pharmacology 1985; 16:549-52.
152. Ammon HP, Muller AB. Forskolin: from an ayurvedic remedy to a modern agent. | Dr. Gary Null See book keywords and concepts | Euphytose, an Association of Plant Extracts with Anxiolytic Activity: Investigation of its Mechanism of Action by an In Vitro Binding Study," phytotherapy research 5 (1991): 241-44.
Passiflora edulis aqueous extract was the subject of a study involving rats, mice, and healthy human volunteers. It was shown to have a nonspecific depressant effect on the central nervous system, and not a hypnotic-sedative effect.
E. Maluf et al., "Assessment of the Hypnotic/Sedative Effects and Toxicity of Passiflora Edulis Aqueous Extract in Rodents and Humans," phytotherapy research 5 (1991): 262-66. | Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts | Heinrich M 2002 Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology 54:453^172 Capasso F et al 1998 phytotherapy research 12:S124-127 Hughes-Formella B et al 2002 Skin Pharmacology and Applied
Skin Physiology 15(2): 125 Moore W et al 1989 Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
10(1):35
Patrick K et al 1996 Phytomedicine 3:11 Ramos A et al 1998 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61 (1 ):49 Schmidgall J et al 2000 Planta Medica 66:48 Singh R et al 2000 Phytomedicine 7(3):209 Winters W (ed) 1993 Proceedings 1991 International Congress Phytotherapy, Seoul. | David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts | Cucurbitacins and Their Pharmacological Effects. phytotherapy research 1995; 9:159-68.
85. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary:
A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London; Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. He K, Wang HK. Recent development of chemical studies on some medicinal plants of Astragalus spp. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1988 Nov; 23(11):873-80.
90. Lacaille-Dubois MA, Wagner H. A review of the biological and pharmacological activitities of saponins. | Mark Blumenthal See book keywords and concepts | Oscillating potentials of the elec-troretinogram in the evaluation of the effects of Padma 28® on lipid metabolism and vascular changes in humans. phytotherapy research 1992;6:200-4.
Samochowiec L, Wojcicki J. Effect of Padma 28® on lipid endoperoxides formation. Herba Polonica 1987;33(3):219-22.
Samochowiec L, Wojcicki J, Kosmider K, et al. Clinical test of the effectiveness of Padma 28® in the treatment of patients with chronic arterial occlusion. Herba Polonica 1987;33(l):29-4l.
Saur E, Rotival N, Lambrot C, Trichet P. | David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts | Hypoglycaemic activity of selected European plants. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 1995; 9(1):45.
139. Perl M. The biochemical basis of the hypoglycemic effects of some plant extracts. In: Cracker LE, Simon JE, eds. Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, vol. 3. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1988.
140. Maries RJ, Farnsworth NR. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopbarmacology 1995; 2:137-89.
141. Hikino H, et al. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of ganoderan B: a glycan of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies. |
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